My First Ride on a Train單元學(xué)案

Period 1: Introduction, Reading and vocabulary (1.2)
1.means n. often pl. a method or way 方法，方式（屬單復(fù)數(shù)同形）
e.g. The quickest means of travel is by plane.
All means have been tried.=Every means has been tried.
-Can I have a look at your stamp collection?
- By all means.(當(dāng)然可以。)
mean v. 意欲，打算； adj. 卑鄙的，吝嗇的
mean to do sth.打算做……； mean doing ……意味著……；mean to have done sth.=had meant to do sth. 原打算做某事實(shí)際未做。
phrases: by all means 當(dāng)然；務(wù)必 by no means 決不；并沒(méi)有
the means of transport 交通方式； by means of 用，依靠
2.refer to
a. 提到；說(shuō)起
e.g. Don’t refer to that matter again.
b. 參考；咨詢；查資料
e.g, If you don’t know what this means, refer to the dictionary.
c. 有關(guān)； 針對(duì)
e.g. The new law doesn’t refer to land used for farming.
d. 提交……作決定或采取行動(dòng)
e.g. You should refer this matter to the head office for a decision.
phrases:
refer to /turn to the dictionary
look sth. Up in the dictionary
refer to sth./sb.提到……，意指……，涉及……
refer to …as …將……稱為……
When it comes to …當(dāng)談及/提及/涉及……時(shí)
e.g. Some people may know little about basketball , but when it comes to the Litte Giant Yao Ming , they must be familiar with him.
3.ride vt.& vi. & n. 乘；騎；搭乘（ride, rode, ridden）
a. 用作名詞：
go for a ride in a car 乘車出去兜風(fēng)。
Can I have /take a ride on your bike?我可以騎你的自行車嗎？
What a ride!多棒的旅程啊！
b. vt.&vi.
He jumped on his horse and rode away.
Can you ride a horse?
注： ride 用于騎馬、騎自行車時(shí)，常用作vt., 即ride a horse; ride a bike;用于乘公共汽車時(shí)、乘火車時(shí)，常用作vi.，即 ride on a bus; ride on a train.
4.drive vt.&vi. 駕駛；用車送；驅(qū)趕；迫使；飛跑；猛沖
drive 表示“驅(qū)使，迫使”，后面接賓補(bǔ)（to do ;adj.; adv; prep.phra. 不用現(xiàn)在分詞）
phrase:
drive sb. mad. 使某人發(fā)瘋；drive off/out 趕走；drive sb. away 把某人趕走；drive sb.into a corner逼得某人走投無(wú)路
ride/drive
ride-乘�？梢猿塑囕v，也可以乘其他工具（如馬、自行車等）；指車輛時(shí)，是乘車而不是開車。
drive-駕駛，驅(qū)趕。賓語(yǔ)為車輛時(shí)，意為“駕駛”，是別的東西時(shí)，意為“驅(qū)趕”。當(dāng)兩者用作名詞，表示一段車程時(shí)無(wú)區(qū)別，如：an hour’s ride=an hour’s dirve
5.distance
a.c.n.&u.n. 距離；間距
b.c.n.&u.n 遠(yuǎn)方；遠(yuǎn)處
c.u.n. (空間或時(shí)間的相距)
d.u.n.（人際關(guān)系的）冷淡，疏遠(yuǎn)
e.g. A good cyclist can cover distances of over a hundred miles a day.
At a distance of six miles you can’t see much.
Distance is no problem with modern telecommuciations.
phrases:
in the distance 在遠(yuǎn)處；在遠(yuǎn)方
from the distance 由遠(yuǎn)處
at a distance 在稍遠(yuǎn)處，在一定距離處
keep one’s distance from sb. /sth. 與某人/某物保持一定的距離
keep sb. at a distance 與某人保持一定距離
distance learning 遠(yuǎn)程教育
distant adj.遙遠(yuǎn)的
Period 2: Reading
1．Get off 下車
a. get (sb.) off （使某人）出發(fā)
b. get off sth. 下班；不再討論某事
c. get sth. off 郵寄某物；從某物上移去某物
e.g. We got off immediately after breakfast.
Her finger was so swollen that she couldn’t get the ring off.
I usually get off at 6:00 p.m..
Phrases: get on 上車 get around 傳播 get away 逃離，離開辦
get over 爬過(guò)，克服；熬過(guò) get in 進(jìn)入；收獲；收（稅等）； get ride of 除掉，擺脫 get through 通過(guò)；做完；看完 get up 起床，起身 get along/on with 進(jìn)行；進(jìn)展；與……相處 get across 使……通過(guò)，（使）被理解
2．more than: over 超過(guò)；僅僅
e.g. Judging from his appearance, he is more than 40.
not more than 與 no more than
not more than 不超過(guò)，頂多，相當(dāng)于≤；no more than僅僅，只有，相當(dāng)于＝。
Other phrases:
more …than… 與其說(shuō)……倒不如說(shuō)…… e.g. He’s more mad than stupid.說(shuō)他笨，不如說(shuō)他瘋了。
no more … than… 與……同樣不……（表示前后比較對(duì)象程度相當(dāng)）
the more …, the more…越……就越……
more or less 或多或少
3．scenery, scene, view
Scenery-為自然風(fēng)景的全稱，常用來(lái)描述靜態(tài)的鄉(xiāng)村景色/
e.g. The scenery of the country is not beautiful.
scene-指某一特定環(huán)境呈現(xiàn)的景色，多半包含人的動(dòng)作。
e.g. a happy scene of children playing in the garden.
View-屬scenery的一部分，也就是從某處所見的情景。
e.g. There’s no view from my bedroom window except for some factory chimneys.
4. After that,…..
that �！俺猩稀保籺his �！皢⑾碌摹�
e.g. That’s the end of the news.
The reason is this.理由如下。
5．be short for 為……的縮寫; in short 簡(jiǎn)言之，總之
e.g. PRC is short for the People’s Republic of China.
My name is Johnson, but my classmates always call me John in short.
phrases: be short of =lack 缺乏……；短少； to be short 簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)，簡(jiǎn)言之 go short (of) 欠缺，缺少 cut… short 使……中斷，打斷，阻止 run short （物品）不足，短缺
6．not … any more=no more ; not … any longer=no longer
not … any more=no more表動(dòng)作不再重復(fù)出現(xiàn)或做某事的次數(shù)不再增加，多與瞬間動(dòng)詞連用。E.g. You will not see him any more.
not … any longer=no longer表動(dòng)作不再延續(xù)或時(shí)間上不再延長(zhǎng)，多與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用。
e.g. She doesn’t live here any longer.
6.the 1920s 20世紀(jì)20年代
請(qǐng)注意時(shí)間表達(dá)法：
the 1830s 19世紀(jì)30年代 the 60s 60年代 in her 80s 在（她）八十多歲的時(shí)候
Other phrases:
come from on a train in the middle of great meals cooked by experts look like
Look out of at midnight try doing trained camels allow sb. to do sth.

Period 3: Grammar 1&2, Function, Culture Corner

1.The ?ed form過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)
分詞是動(dòng)詞的一種非限定形式，主要起構(gòu)成形容詞和副詞的作用，共有兩種形式，一種是現(xiàn)在分詞（-ing）,一種是過(guò)去分詞（-ed）.現(xiàn)在分詞一般有主動(dòng)的意思，過(guò)去分詞一般有被動(dòng)和完成的意思，以下主要是過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)的幾點(diǎn)用法。
（1）及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞單獨(dú)用作定語(yǔ)，表被動(dòng)。
e.g. moved students drowned people used paper a broken cup developed countries
(2 )個(gè)別的過(guò)去分詞（多由不及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成）只表示完成，不表示被動(dòng)。
e.g. fallen leaves. / returned students. 歸國(guó)留學(xué)生。
(3)某些動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)，既可作前置定語(yǔ)，又可作后置定語(yǔ)，但含義不同。
e.g.The method used( 被采用的) is very efficient./ This is a used（用過(guò)的）book.
The book given(給) to him is an English novel.
We will be meeting at a given(特定的) time and place.
(4) 有些過(guò)去分詞己經(jīng)失去了被動(dòng)意義, 相當(dāng)于形容詞作定語(yǔ),表示主語(yǔ)所處的一種狀態(tài).常用來(lái)修飾人。
也可以修飾物，這類被過(guò)去分詞所修飾指物的名詞大概有兩類:
a.指人發(fā)出的聲音: voice , shout , scream , cry 等;
b.指人的面部表情: face, look , expression , smile 等;
修飾的過(guò)去分詞有:
disappointed, puzzled, surprised, excited, satisfied, frightened, pleased, trembled, discouraged, etc.
a frightened look 驚恐的神態(tài)
a frightening look 嚇人的神態(tài)
a pleased smile （自己感到）滿意的微笑
a pleasing smile 令人愉快的微笑
2．過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的表達(dá)及用法
一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示(1)過(guò)去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間發(fā)生，并且一下子就完成了的動(dòng)作（即：非持續(xù)性動(dòng)作）， (2)過(guò)去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。一般過(guò)去時(shí)不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，只說(shuō)明過(guò)去。
I had a word with Julia this morning.今天早晨，我跟朱麗亞說(shuō)了幾句話。(1)
e.g.He smoked many cigarettes a day until he gave up. 他沒(méi)有戒煙的那陣子，煙抽得可兇了。
一般過(guò)去時(shí)常與表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或從句連用，如：yesterday, last week, in 1993, at that time, once, during the war, before, a few days ago, when 等等。
句子中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是用一般過(guò)去時(shí)還是用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，取決于動(dòng)作是否對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響。
e.g. Have you had your lunch? 你吃過(guò)午飯了嗎？（意思是說(shuō)你現(xiàn)在不餓嗎？）
Yes, I have. 是的，我已經(jīng)吃過(guò)了。（意思是說(shuō)已經(jīng)吃飽了，不想再吃了。）
When did you have it? 你是什么時(shí)候吃的？（關(guān)心的是吃的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在何時(shí)。）
I had it about ten minutes ago. 我是大約十分鐘以前吃的。
Used to do something 表示過(guò)去常做而現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)停止了的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作。
e.g.I used to work fourteen hours a day. 我過(guò)去常常一天干十四個(gè)小時(shí)。
一般過(guò)去時(shí)的基本用法
a. 帶有確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，要用過(guò)去時(shí)
如：yesterday（昨天）、two days ago…（兩天前…… ）、last year…（去年…）、the other day（前幾天）、once up on a time（過(guò)去曾經(jīng)）、 just now（剛才）、in the old days（過(guò)去的日子里）、before liberation（解放前…）、 When I was 8 years old（當(dāng)我八歲時(shí)…）
e.g.Did you have a party the other day？前幾天，你們開了晚會(huì)了嗎？
e.g. Lei Feng was a good soldier. 雷鋒是個(gè)好戰(zhàn)士。
注意
①在談到已死去的人的情況時(shí)，多用過(guò)去時(shí)。
② 表示過(guò)去連續(xù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作時(shí)，要用過(guò)去時(shí)
這種情況下，往往沒(méi)有表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，而通過(guò)上下文來(lái)表示。
e.g.The boy opened his eyes for a moment，looked at the captain，and then died.
那男孩把眼睛張開了一會(huì)兒，看看船長(zhǎng)，然后就去世了。
③ 表示過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)�；蚍磸�(fù)的動(dòng)作,常與always，never等連用。
e.g.Mrs. Peter always carried an umbrella. 彼得太太過(guò)去老是帶著一把傘。
（只是說(shuō)明她過(guò)去的動(dòng)作，不表明她現(xiàn)在是否常帶著傘。）
比較
Mrs. Peter always carries an umbrella.
彼得太太老是帶著傘。
（說(shuō)明這是她的習(xí)慣，表明她現(xiàn)在仍然還習(xí)慣總帶著一把傘）
I never drank wine.我以前從不喝酒。
（不涉及到現(xiàn)在，不說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在是否喝酒）
④ 如果強(qiáng)調(diào)已經(jīng)終止的習(xí)慣時(shí)要用used to do
e.g.He used to drink. 他過(guò)去喝酒。
（意味著他現(xiàn)在不喝酒了。喝酒這個(gè)動(dòng)作終止了）
I used to take a walk in the morning.
我過(guò)去是在早晨散步。
（意味著現(xiàn)在不在早晨散步了）
I took a walk in the morning.
我曾經(jīng)在早晨散過(guò)步。
（只是說(shuō)明過(guò)去這一動(dòng)作）
比較
I took a walk in the morning .
我曾經(jīng)在早晨散過(guò)步。
（指是說(shuō)明過(guò)去這一動(dòng)作）
⑤ 有些句子，雖然沒(méi)有表示過(guò)去確定時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)，但實(shí)際上是指過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)的話，也要用過(guò)去時(shí)，這一點(diǎn)，我們中國(guó)學(xué)生往往出錯(cuò)，要特別注意！
I didn''t know you were in Paris.
我不知道你在巴黎。（因?yàn)樵谡f(shuō)話時(shí)，我已經(jīng)知道你在巴黎了。這句話指的是說(shuō)話之前，所以只能用過(guò)去時(shí)表示。實(shí)際上，這句話暗指：But now I know you are here.）
I thought you were ill.
我以為你病了呢。
（這句話應(yīng)是在說(shuō)話之前，我以為你病了。但是現(xiàn)在我知道你沒(méi)病）
辨別正誤
Li Ming studied English this morning.
（把此句變?yōu)橐话阋蓡?wèn)句）
（×）1.Did Li Ming studied English this morning？
（動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用原形）
（×） 2. Does Li ming Study English this morning？
（時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)該用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)）
（×） 3.Was Li Ming studied English this morning？
（應(yīng)該用一般動(dòng)詞，而不是be動(dòng)詞）
（√） 4.Did Li Ming study Enghish this morning？
（在過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。）
一般過(guò)去時(shí)的形式
to be:
第一人稱單數(shù)和第三人稱單數(shù)用was, 其余的人稱用were。
to do(行為動(dòng)詞)：
行為動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式有兩類，一類是規(guī)則動(dòng)詞，另一類是不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞。to have: 各人稱，單、復(fù)數(shù)一律用had。
肯 定句否 定 句
beI /He/She/It was...I/ He /She/It was not ...
We/You/They were...We /You/They were not...
have
I /He/She/It/ We/You/They had...I/ He /She/It/We/You/They had not（有） ...
I/He/She/It/We/You/They did not have (吃/喝/進(jìn)行...)…
行為動(dòng)詞I /He/She/It/ We/You/They studied…I/ He /She/It/ We /You/They did not study…
一般疑問(wèn)句簡(jiǎn)略回答
beWas he/she/it...?Yes,he was.(No,he wasn’t.)
Were we/you/they...?Yes,you were. (No,you were not)
haveHad I/he/she/it/you/we/ they...? Did I/you/he... have...Yes,you had.(No,you hadn’t.)
Yes,you did.(No,you didn’t.)
行為動(dòng)詞Did he/she/ it/ we/you/ they study..?Yes,you did.(No,you didn’t.)
3．Downtown adv. (美國(guó)英語(yǔ))在城鎮(zhèn)的中心區(qū)
e.g. I went downtown to do some shopping today.
adj. (城鎮(zhèn)的)中心區(qū)的，商業(yè)區(qū)的
a downtowm office 城市商業(yè)區(qū)的辦公室
4.Travelling at a speed of over 400 kilometres per hour, the train can complete the 30-kilometre journey in eight minutes.
句中Travelling at a speed of over 400 kilometres per hour是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)在句中作狀語(yǔ)。
現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)用作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、伴隨或方式以及結(jié)果等。從分詞的時(shí)間意義上看，現(xiàn)在分詞一般式表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生；從語(yǔ)態(tài)意義上看，現(xiàn)在分詞一般式往往表示主動(dòng)的動(dòng)作，它所修飾的人或物是分詞動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，即句子的主語(yǔ)。
（1）表示時(shí)間
Looking out of the window, I saw some students playing there.(=When I looked out of the window…)
Hearing the news, he couldn’t help laughing.
(2)表示時(shí)間
Being League members, we are ready to help others.=(Since we are League members…)
Being poor, he couldn’t afford a TV set.
(3)表示條件
Working hard, you’ll surely succeed.(=If you work hard…)
(4)表示伴隨或方式
The boy sat in front of the farm-house, cutting the branch.
He came running back to tell me the news.
(5)表示結(jié)果
The child slipped and fell, hitting his head against the door.
5.speed v.&n.
speed by 迅速過(guò)去 speed up 加速 at speed 迅速 at full/top speed 全速
at a /the speed of …以……的速度
6.30-kilometre journey 30千米的行程
30-kilometre是合成形容詞。合成形容詞只作前置定語(yǔ)，用于所修飾的名詞前，結(jié)構(gòu)是：
數(shù)詞+單位詞單數(shù)+形容詞（long/wide/high/tall/deep/old）+被修飾的名詞，其中合成形容詞的各詞語(yǔ)之間要有連字符，而且單位詞要用單數(shù)。如：
A five-year-old boy 一個(gè)5歲的男孩
A 200-metre-long bridge 一座200米長(zhǎng)的橋
A 500-metre-wide river 一條500米寬的河

Period 4: Vocabulary, reading and speaking

1．Seaside n.海濱（特指游泳場(chǎng)、休養(yǎng)地的海邊、河灘）。
e.g. We’re taking the children to the seaside on Sunday.
coast 海岸（海、陸相接之線）
e.g. Looking down the plane, we can see the coast.
beach海灘(相對(duì)平坦，宜于游泳、日光浴等)。
e.g. I like lying on the beach enjoying the sunbath.
shore海濱（籠統(tǒng)地指平坦或陡峭的岸邊）。
e.g. He often walks on the shore collecting shells.
bank河流、湖泊的岸或堤。
2.for the first time 第一次，在句中作狀語(yǔ)。
e.g. They were in Beijing for the first time.
the first time 第一次，后面跟從句。
e.g. This is the first time that I have ever been abroad at all.
3. my first visit to …我第一次去……參觀，此處visit為名詞。
Pay a visit to …拜訪……，參觀…… be on a visit to…在訪問(wèn)……
4．a(chǎn)t kindergarten 上幼兒園(名詞前不加冠詞，表示抽象意義)。
Other phrases:
At/in school 上學(xué) go to school 上學(xué) in the school 在學(xué)校
in prison 坐牢 in the prison 在監(jiān)獄

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