③ “am/is/are going to+動詞原形”表示打算或準備要做的事情,或者主觀判斷即將要發(fā)生的事情,而“am/is/are to +動詞原形”表示安排或計劃中的動作。如：A man told them that the woman was to give birth to the special baby.(有一個人告訴他們那個婦女就會生下那個特別的男孩)/ It’s going to rain soon.(天快要下雨了)
④ 表示一個人臨時決定要做某事,可以用will表達。如：I will go to the lab to get some
chemicals(化學藥劑). So please wait until I return.(我要到化學實驗室去取些藥品,請等我回頭)
⑤ 現在進行時、一般現在時也可以表示將來。(見相應時態(tài))
⑥ shall和will 在口語的一些疑問句中相當于情態(tài)動詞。Shall一般與第一人稱連用,will與第二人稱連用。如：Shall we go to the zoo next Saturday?(我們下周六去動物園好嗎？)/ Will you please open the door for me?(替我把門打開好嗎？)
⑦ “be to +動詞原形”表示按照計劃將要發(fā)生的事情。如：An angel came to tell her that she was to have this special boy.
② 現在進行時的時間狀語有： now, this …, these…等,但經常不用。如：What are you doing up in the tree?(你在樹上干什么？)/ I am writing a long novel these days.(我最近在寫一本長篇小說)
③ 表示即將發(fā)生的動作,一般指近期安排好的事情。常見的動詞有：come, go, stay, leave, spend, do等。如：I’m coming now.(我就來)/ What are you doing tomorrow?(你明天干什么？)/ He is leaving soon.(他就要走了)
④ 表示頻繁發(fā)生或反復進行的動作,常與always等頻度副詞連用,以表示贊揚、不滿或討厭等感情色彩。如：He is always borrowing money from me and forgetting all about it some time later.(他老是向我借錢,過一些時候就忘得一干二凈)
(5)過去進行時 過去進行時表示過去某一時刻或某階段正在進行的動作。
① 過去進行時由“was(第一、三人稱單數)或were(第二人稱單數和各人稱的復數)+現在分詞”構成。
② 過去進行時的時間狀語有：then, at that time, this time yesterday, at (eight) yesterday (morning),(a year) ago, 以及由when引出的時間狀語從句。如：He was cooking supper this time yesterday.(昨天這個時候他正在做晚飯)/ The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw her.(我看到小女孩的時候她正在玩玩具)
③ 用于賓語從句或時間狀語從句中,表示與主句動作同時進行而且是延續(xù)時間較長。句子中通常不用時間狀語。如：She was it happen when she was walking past.(她路過時看到事情的發(fā)生)/ They sang a lot of songs while they were walking in the dark forest.(他們在黑暗的森林里走時唱了很多歌)
④ 也可以表示過去一個階段頻繁發(fā)生或反復進行的動作,常與always等頻度副詞連用,以表示贊揚、不滿或討厭等感情色彩。如：He was always borrowing money from me when he lived here.(他住在這里時老向我借錢)
②表示發(fā)生在過去的對現在仍有影響的動作時,時間狀語有：already, yet, just, once, twice,ever, never,three times, before等。如：I have never seen such fine pictures before. (我以前從來沒有看過這么好的畫)/ He has just gone to England.(他剛去英國)
③表示在過去開始一直延續(xù)到現在(可能延續(xù)下去)的動作或狀態(tài)時,時間狀語有：for (two years),since 1990, since (two weeks ago)和since引導的狀語從句。如：I have been away from my hometown for thirty years.(我離開家鄉(xiāng)有30年了)/ Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since it opened.(自從這家工廠開張,王叔叔一直在那兒工作)
④口語中have got往往表示have(有)的意思。如：They have got thousands of books in their library.(他們圖書館有上萬本書)
⑤have been to與have gone to的區(qū)別：have gone to(“已經去了”)表示人不在這里,have been to(“去過”)表示人在這里。如：--Where is Mr Li? ?He has gone to the UK.(李先生在哪里？他去了英國。)/ --Do you know something about Beijing? ?Yes,I have been to Beijing three times. (你知道北京的情況嗎？是的,我去過那里三次。)
②過去完成時時間狀語有：by (yesterday), by then, by the end of (last…)或者由when,before等引出狀語從句。有時句子中會有already, just, once, ever, never等詞語,也會有for… 或since…構成的時間狀語。如：They had already finished cleaning the classroom when their teacher came.(當老師來的時候他們已經打掃完了教室)/ The woman had left before he realized she was a cheat.(在他發(fā)覺那個婦女是個騙子時她已經走掉了)
③過去完成時常用于賓語從句中、after引導的從句中,或者從句是before引導的主句中。如：After I had put on my shoes and hat,I walked into the darkness.(我穿上鞋子戴上帽子走進了黑暗之中)/ He said that he had never seen a kangaroo before.(他說他以前從來沒有見過袋鼠)
③在時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中不可以使用過去將來時,而應該使用一般過去時。如：He promised that he would pay me a lot if I helped him with the project.(他答應付給我許多錢如果我?guī)椭隳莻�項目)/ Every time when he was free,he would sit down and read some books.(每次只要他有空他就會坐下來看看書)
④表示純粹的將來時用would或should,表示打算或主觀認為的事情用was/were going to (+動詞原形)。如：She told me she would be 18 the next month.(她告訴我她下個月就18歲了)/ She told me that she was going to have a walk with her pet dog.(她告訴我她打算帶她的寵物狗去散步)
⑤過去將來時還可以表示一個過去經常性的動作。如：When it rained in the day, he would bring an umbrella with him.(白天下雨時他會隨身帶一把雨傘)
(9)現在完成進行時：現在完成進行時指一個從過去就開始一直延續(xù)到現在并由可能繼續(xù)下去的動作,它具有現在完成時和現在進行時雙重特征,結構是：“have/has + been +動詞的現在分詞”。如：I have been swimming in the cold water for about two hours.(我已經在冰冷的水里游了將近兩個小時)/ How long have you been waiting here?(你在這里一直等了多久？)
① 不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者(即不知道誰做)時用被動語態(tài),省略by短語。如：A man was killed in the accident.(一個人死于事故)/ This window was broken yesterday.(這扇窗子是昨天被打破的)
②不說或者眾所周知是誰做時,用被動語態(tài),省略by短語。如：Rice is also grown in this place.(這個地方也種水稻)/ A railroad will be built here in three years.(三年之后這里將要修建一條鐵路)
③強調動作的承受者,句尾加by短語。如：It was written by Lu Xun.(它(書)是魯迅寫的)/ A pet dog is never killed by its owner.(寵物狗是不會被主人宰殺的)
(2) 主動語態(tài)如何改寫為被動語態(tài)：
主動句： 主語(人/物) + 謂語(及物動詞) + 賓語(人/物) + 其他 + 狀語
(動作的執(zhí)行者) (各種時態(tài)形式) (動作的承受者)
被動句： 主語(人/物) + 謂語(及物動詞) + by +人 / 物 + 其他 + 狀語
(動作的承受者) (be +過去分詞) (動作的執(zhí)行者)
(3) 注意點：
①“動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語”改為被動時,可以用間接賓語做被動句的主語。如：
His teacher gave him a dictionary.→He was given a dictionary by his teacher.(老師給他一本字典→他得到老師一本字典)
也可以用直接賓語做被動句的主語,但是需用to或者for引出原句的間接賓語。如：His teacher gave him a dictionary.→A dictionary was given to him by his teacher.(老師給他一本字典→一本字典由老師送給了他)/His father made him a kite.→A kite was made for him by his father.(他的父親給他做了一個風箏→一個風箏由他的父親做給了他)
②“動詞+賓語+動詞原形”改為被動時,動詞原形前要加to.如：The boss made the poor man work 12 hours a day.→The poor man was made to work 12 hours a day.(老板讓這個可憐的人一天工作12小時→這個可憐人被迫一天工作12小時)
③“動詞+…+介詞”改為被動時,介詞一般在原位不動。如：The girl takes good care of her little brother.→The girl’s little brother is taken good care of by her.(女孩照顧小弟弟→女孩的小弟弟由她照顧著)
④“be+過去分詞”未必表示被動語態(tài),而可能是系表結構。如：
He is pleased / worried / tired /…….(系表)(他高興/焦慮/疲勞……)
He was hit / knocked down / told / shot / …….(被動)(他被擊中/撞倒/關照/射中……)
① 形式：動詞不定式基本形式由“不定式記號to+動詞原形”構成。它的否定形式只要在“to” 前面加上“not”。它的疑問形式是：“wh-疑問詞+to+動詞原形”。*它的被動形式：“to be +過去分詞”。*它的完成形式：“to have +過去分詞”。
② 動詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征,即可以在句子中作主語、賓語、定語、狀語、表語和賓語補足語。但不定式也保留動詞的某些特征,即不定式后面可以跟賓語、表語和狀語。動詞不定式加上相關成分就構成不定式短語。
③ 動詞不定式可以放在謂語前句子作主語。但是通常將作主語的動詞不定式或不定式短語放在謂語后面,而在主語位置用“it”作形式主語(有時在不定式的前面還會用for sb.表示不定式的邏輯主語)。如：To help animals is helping people.(幫助動物就是幫助人)/ It is very difficult (for us) to learn Chinese well.((對于我們而言)學好漢語是非常的困難)/ It took me half an hour to work out this problem.(解出這道題花了我一個小時的時間)
如：I would like to have a rest at the moment.(我現在想休息一下)/ They began to search the room for the thief.(他們開始在屋子里搜尋小偷)/ He liked to have a swim in the pool near his house.(他喜愛在靠家的水塘里面游泳)/ When did you learn to speak English?(你什么時候開始學英語的？)/ Don’t forget to close the door when you leave.(你離開時別忘了關門
[比較] He forgot to turn off the light.(他忘了關燈.) (沒關)/ He forgot turning off the light.(他忘記關過燈.)(關了) / Please remember to ring me up.(記得給我打電話.)(還沒打電話) / I remember calling you yesterday but you forgot.(我記得昨天給你打電話了,但是你忘記了.)(打過電話)
如：He does not know which one to take.(他不知道該選哪個)/ Tell me how to get to the station.(告訴我怎么樣去火車站)/ She asked me what to do for today’s homework.(她問我今天家庭作業(yè)做什么)/ Can you teach me how to search the internet?(你能教我怎樣上網嗎？)
[C] 不定式作賓語而后面又有賓語補足語時,通常用it代替作形式賓語,而不定式則后置。如： I found it not very easy to learn to ride a bike.(我發(fā)現學騎車不很容易)
⑤ 動詞不定式可以在句子中用作定語,放在名詞或代詞后面。
[A] 記住下面的一些結構：
被修飾部分 + 不定式(作后置定語)
漢 語 意 思
a key
to lock the door
鎖門的鑰匙
a box
to hold these things
裝這些東西的箱子
give her a book
to read
給她一本書讀
Is there any (+名詞/代詞)
to (do)?
有…要(做的)嗎?
It’s time
to go.
是走的時間了。/ 該走了。
Do you have any work
to do?
你有工作要做嗎?
I’d like something
to eat.
我要點兒吃的。
I have nothing
to say.
我沒有話要說。
Would you like something
to drink?
你要點兒喝的嗎？
[B] 在這種情況下,如果不定式動詞是不及物動詞,則后面必須加介詞。如：
They could not find a place to live in.(他們找不到住的地方)/ Please give me a chair to sit on.(請給我一張椅子坐坐)/ He has got a writing brush to write with.((他找到了寫字的毛筆)
⑥ 動詞不定式可以在句子中用,有下列幾種情況：
[A] 放在不及物動詞(come, go, stop, finish, wait等詞)的后面。如：He came to see her yesterday.(他昨天來看望她)(表示來的目的)/ I stopped to have a rest.(我停下來休息一會兒)(表示停下來的目的)
[B] 放在完整的謂語之后(即“謂語+賓語”、“謂語+賓語+補語”、“動詞+表語”之后)。如：We cleaned the room to let him play in it.(我們打掃了房間以便讓他在里面玩)/ I opened the window to see more clearly.(我打開窗子以便看得更清楚點兒)
[C] 有時表示目的的不定式短語可以放在句首。如：To arrive there on time,I got up one hour earlier than usual.(為了按時到達,我們比平時早起了一個小時)(表示早起的目的)
[注意] stop to do 與stop doing的不同。如：They stopped to have a look.(他們停下來看看)(不定式作“停下來”的目的狀語)/ They stopped looking out of the window and began to listen to the teahcher.(他們停止向窗外望,開始聽老師講課)(動名詞作賓語,表示“停止”的內容)
⑦ 動詞不定式可以在句子中用作表語,限用于連系動詞之后。如：My job is to keep the goal.(我的工作就是守住球門)
如：Mum asked me to help her with the cooking.(媽媽叫我?guī)椭鲲?/ I would like you to see my parents.(我想要你見見我的父母)/ The boss often made the workers work 14 hours a day.(老板常讓工人們一天工作14小時)/ Now let me hear you play the violin.(現在讓我來聽你拉小提琴)
[注意] help之后做賓補的不定式符號to可以省略；hear / see / feel / watch之后的賓補用不定式與現在分詞時,含義不同,需特別注意,(參見現在分詞部分)。試比較：
I heard her crying when I walked past.(我路過時聽到她正在哭)(指當時瞬間的情況)
I sat near her and heard her sing the new song.(我坐在她附近聽她唱新歌)(指整個過程)
(3)動名詞
① 動名詞由動詞原形加詞尾“ing”構成。動名詞有動詞的特征,可以跟賓語,可以被狀語修飾；它也有名詞的特征,在句子中可以作主語、賓語(包括介詞賓語)等。動名詞加相關詞語(賓語或狀語等)構成動名詞短語。
② 動名詞可以作主語。一般可用it作形式主語而將動名詞短語后移。如：Learning English all by yourself is not so easy.(自學好英語不那么容易)(=It is not so easy learning English all by yourself.)
[B] remember / forge / stop / finish之后用動名詞時,與用不定式含義不同。如：I forgot to write a letter to him.(我忘了給他寫封信)(根本沒寫) / I forgot writing a letter to him.(我忘了給他寫過信)(寫了卻忘了) / They stopped to look back.(他們停下來向后看)(停下的目的是向后看) / They stopped looking back.(他們停止向后看)(不向后看了)
[C] enjoy / mind / keep / hate/ go等詞一般用動名詞作賓語。如：Do you mind my closing the door?(把門關上你介意嗎？)/ She hates travelling by air.(她討厭坐飛機旅行)/ They went swimming every afternoon.(他們每天下午去游泳)/ I enjoy walking around the town.(我喜歡在鎮(zhèn)上轉悠)
[D] like / love / start / begin / learn后面用動名詞時,與用不定式意思相近或相同。如：We began to study English when we were at primary school.(我們在小學時就開始學英語了) / We began studying English when we were at primary school. (我們在小學時就開始學英語了)
④ 動名詞可以作表語,此時特別注意不要與現在進行時混淆。如：My job is putting these parts together.(我的事情是把這些部件拼起來) / I am putting these parts together.(我正在把這些部件拼起來)
⑤ 動名詞與現在分詞構成相同,但是含義不同,動名詞主要表示事情,而現在分詞則主要表示進行著的動作。如：Eating too much is not good for your health. (動名詞短語,作主語) / Seeing is believing.(動名詞短語,分別作主語和表語) / He ran after a moving bus and got onto it.(現在分詞,作定語) / His father saw him sitting on some eggs.(現在分詞,作賓補)
(4)分詞： 包含現在分詞和過去分詞。(高中學習重點)
① 主要區(qū)別：現在分詞一般有主動的意思或表示動作正在進行的意思；過去分詞有被動或動 作已經完成的意思。分詞可以有自己的賓語或狀語。
② 分詞或分詞短語在句子中作定語、狀語和復合賓語等。
[A] 作定語：分詞作定語時,一般要放在修飾的名詞之前,分詞短語作定語時,則要放在所修飾的名詞之后。 如：I have got a running nose.(我流鼻涕) / The woman running after the thief shouted very loudly,“Stop the thief!”(跟著小偷追的婦女大喊：捉小偷！) / Yesterday I met a man called Mr. Black.(昨天我遇見了一個名叫布萊克先生的人)/ He only gave me a broken glass,so I was very angry with him.(他只給了我一個壞玻璃杯,所以我很生他的氣)
[B] 現在分詞可以作下列動詞的賓語補足語。(參考不定式作賓語補足語)
謂語動詞(vt.)
賓語
賓語補足語
keep(保持) / see(看到) /
hear(聽到) / watch(注意到) / feel(感覺到)
sb./sth.
(do)ing
如：Mum kept me working all the week.(媽媽讓我一個星期都在工作)/ When I entered the room,I saw Jack eating a big pear.(我進入房間時看到杰克正在吃一只大梨子)/ In the dark I felt something very cold moving on my foot.(黑暗之中我感到有個冷的東西在我的腳上移動)
[C] 現在分詞可以作狀語,表示伴隨情況。如：She came into the classroom,holding a pile of papers in her hand.(他走進教室,手上抓著一沓紙)/ I am very busy these days getting ready for the coming oral test.(這些日子我正忙著準備即將來到的口語考試)
[D] 過去分詞可以作表語,放在連系動詞后面,但要注意不要與被動語態(tài)混淆,“主系表”主要表示狀態(tài),而被動語態(tài)則表示動作。常用過去分詞作表語的結構有：be worried (焦慮) / be pleased (高興) / be tired (疲勞) / get dressed (打扮好) / get lost (迷路) / get caught (遭遇) / beome frustrated (沮喪) / become intereted in (對…感興趣)等等。例略。
[E] 過去分詞可以作賓語補足語。如：I had my hair cut this morning.(今天早上我讓人給我理了發(fā))(注意：have sth. done表示動作由別人來做,而have done sth.則為現在完成時的結構,兩個結構不可以混淆)
8、動詞用法辨析：
(1)“Why not+動詞原形+…?”(干嘛不……?)是簡略句,完全形式是：Why don’t you +動詞原形+…?如：Why not go and have a look?(干嘛不去看看？)/ Why not try it once again?(為什么不再試試？)
(2) seem(好象)的用法：記住幾個結構：①sb./sth. + seem + (to be+)形容詞+…；②sb./sth. + seem + like +…；③sb/sth + seem + to (do)；④It seems that + 從句。如：He seemed (to be) very happy when he was called by the headmaster. (被校長叫到名字時他好象很開心) / It seems that nobody else could do such a foolish thing except Jim. (除了吉姆好象沒有什么人會做出如此愚蠢的事情來)
(3) be afraid(害怕)的用法：記住幾個結構：①be afraid of sth; be afraid of (doing); ②be afraid to (do); ③be afraid that+從句。如：She is a little afraid of snakes.(她有點怕蛇)/ Don’t be so afraid to stay at home alone at night.(別害怕晚上一個人在家)/ I’m afraid that somebody will take his place because of his serious mistakes.(恐怕有人要取代他了,因為他犯了那么大的錯誤)
(4) be sorry(抱歉)的用法：記住幾個結構：①be sorry for (sth); ②be sorry for (doing sth); ③be sorry to (do); ④be sorry that+從句。如：I am very sorry for keeping you waiting so long.(不好意思讓你久等了)I am sorry to trouble you.(對不起,麻煩你了)/ I am sorry (that) he isn’t here at the moment.(恐怕他現在不在)
(5) be sure (確信)的用法：記住幾個結構： ①be sure of (sth); ②be sure to(do); ③be sure that+從句。如：She told me many times that she was sure to come.(她給我講過多次她一定會來的) / Are you sure of your answer?Maybe it’s wrong.(你對你的答案有把握嗎？也許是錯的。)/ I am sure that Dad will help me with the job.(我確信爸爸會幫著我做這件事情的)
(6) make 與do的用法：一般情況下表示進行活動或者做工作用do,表示創(chuàng)造建構某事物用make. 如：I don’t know what to do.(我不知道該干什么)/ I’m not going to do any work.(我不準備做什么)/ My father and I once made a boat.(我和我爸曾經做過一只船)
此外還要記住一些固定說法：do good / harm / business / one’s best / a favour……
make a decision / an effort / a mistake / a noise / a phone call / money / war / the bed / sure,...
(7)put on、wear、have…on、be in、try on、dress的用法：put on強調“穿、戴”這個動作過程,wear則表示“穿著、戴著”這一狀態(tài),have+衣物+on主要表示狀態(tài),be in(+顏色/衣物)也是表示一個狀況,dress(+人)表示“給…人穿衣”。如：Please put on your new shoes.(請穿上你的新鞋)/ The twins are wearing the same clothes.(雙胞胎穿著相同的衣服)/ Today she has an overcoat on.(今天她穿著一件大衣) / Do you know the woman who is in black?(你認識那個身穿黑衣的女人嗎？)/ Dad is dressing Tom now.(爹正在給湯姆穿衣)
[注意]dress與wear或put on的區(qū)別：wear或put on常用衣物作賓語,而dress常用人作賓語。表示給自己穿衣時常用“get dressed”或“dress oneself”表達。be dressed in與wear基本同義。dress up意為“穿上盛裝、喬裝打扮”。如：Could you dress the baby for me?(你能替我給寶寶穿衣嗎？)/ He is eight but can’t dress himself.(他八歲了,還不會穿衣服)/ She was dressed in a red coat.(她穿著一件紅上衣)/ Do I have to dress up to go to Jim’s party?(我得穿上好衣服去參加吉姆的聚會嗎？)
(8)like、love與enjoy的用法：三個詞都含有“喜歡”的意思,但是,like和enjoy后面跟動名詞,love 后面一般跟動詞不定式。like后面有時跟動詞不定式,表示一種習慣或嗜好(往往與具體的時間或地點有關)。enjoy后面還可以加名詞、反身代詞,表示“享受…樂趣；玩得開心”。如：Do you like shopping?(你喜歡購物嗎？)/ He likes to have a swim when he gets home every afternoon.(每天下午放學后他總愛游個泳)/ They love to sing foreign songs.(他們喜愛唱外國歌曲)/ Did you enjoy yourself at the party?(在聚會上你玩得開心嗎？)/ He enjoys living in China.(他喜歡在中國生活)
(9)study、learn的用法： study主要表示“學習、研究”,指過程；而learn主要表示“學會”,指結果。表示“學”時可以互換。如：How many subjects do you study?(你學多少門課程？) / Have you learned it yet?(這個你學過了嗎？)/ How long have you studied/learned English?(你學英語多久了？)
learn還可以表示“聽說”,如：He learned the musician himself was in town.(他聽說音樂家本人就在城里)
(10)think、want、would like的用法：三個詞都含有“想”的意思,但think指“思考、考慮”,want指“想要、愿望、企圖”,would like指“想要”,think后面一般跟介詞短語或從句,want和would like后面跟名詞或動詞不定式。如：Do you think that China will become a developed country in 40 years? (你認為中國會在40年后成為發(fā)達國家嗎？)/ I am thinking of the money I once lent to Li Min.((我正在想著以前借給黎敏的錢)/ What do you really want to say?(你到底想干什么？)/ Which of these cakes would you like (to have)?(這些餅子中你想吃哪些？)
(11)look for、search…for、find、find out的用法：前面兩個詞語表示動作過程,后面兩個表示結果,look for指“尋找”不見的或丟失的東西,但還沒有找到；search…for…指“為找…而搜尋…”；find指“找到”了東西；find out主要指“查明一個事實真相”。如：Hey, Monkey, what are you looking for in the cupboard?(嘿,猴兒！你在廚子里面找什么呢？)/ Have you found the lost key to your car?(你找著丟失的車鑰匙了嗎？)/ The soldiers were searching the room for the spy when they heard a loud noise.(士兵們正在房間里面搜尋間諜突然間他們聽到了衣聲巨響)/ Let’s try to find out who broke the window.(讓我們查查誰把窗子打破了)
[注解] find的幾個結構：find sb. sth“為某人找到…”,find sth./sb. + adj./n.“發(fā)覺某人是…”,find it +adj. + to do…(或+賓語從句)“發(fā)現(做……)如何”。如： His mother found her daughter a very clever girl.(他的母親發(fā)現她的女兒是個聰明的女孩)(名詞作補語補足語) / You can easily find it not good for your health to eat cold food.(你很容易就會發(fā)現吃冷食對你的身體是不利的)
(12)listen to、hear的用法：兩個詞與聽覺有關,listen to指“聽”這一過程,hear指“聽到”這一結果。如：Are you listening to me,Jim? Yes,I have heard your words.(吉姆,你在聽我說嗎？是的,你的話我全聽見了)
(13)look、see、watch、read的用法：四個詞均與眼睛有關,look指放眼去“看”(不管是否看得到),指“看”的過程；see指“看見”這一結果,有時see還引申為“明白”,表示“看”時后面加“電影”等詞；watch指專注的看,含有“注視、監(jiān)視”之義,后面常跟“電視、比賽”等詞；read限制為看書面材料,譯為“看、閱讀”,后面跟“書、報紙、雜志”等詞。如：What are you looking at?(你在看什么？)/ Please look at the blackboard. (請看黑板)/ Let me go to see the film, mum, will you? (媽媽,讓我去看電影吧,好嗎？)/ He won’t feel well until he finishes watching the football match. (要看完了足球賽他才會感覺好些)/ Reading gives us knowledge.(閱讀給我們知識)
(14)hear、hear of、hear from、learn的用法： hear“聽說”,后面可以跟名詞、代詞、從句表示聽見的內容,hear of“聽說”,后面跟人,指對某人有耳聞但沒有見過面；hear from“收到……的來信”,后面加人；learn“聽說、得知”,后面跟從句,含義與hear相似。如：I hear Mr Green is coming to see us tonight. (我聽說格林先生今晚要來看望我們)/ Have you ever heard of the man who once went to the Himalaya Mountains? (你是否聽說過那個去過喜馬拉雅山的人？)/ How often do you hear from your father? (隔多久你收到你父親的信？)/ He learned the musician himself was in town.(他聽說音樂家本人就在城里)
(15)speak、talk、say、tell的用法：四個詞與“說”有關。speak“講話、發(fā)言、演說”,是不及物動詞,涉及人時要加介詞to,speak作及物動詞時后面跟語言名稱；talk“談話、閑談”,是不及物動詞,涉及人時用介詞with、to等,涉及事情時后面跟介詞about等；say 是及物動詞,后面跟名詞、代詞、從句等,表示說的內容；tell是及物動詞,后面首先要跟人,然后再跟從句或者介詞短語等。如：Do you speak English? (你講英語嗎？)/ Who spoke at the meeting? (誰在會上發(fā)了言？)/ Our teacher is talking to Lin Tao’s parent. (我們的老師正在跟林濤的家長講話)/ Can you say it in English? (你能用英語說出它嗎？)/ Please tell me something about the strange flying object. (請跟我講講那個奇怪的飛行物的事情吧)
(16)be able to(do)、can的用法：can是情態(tài)動詞,有許多含義,表示“可能、可以、會”等意思,只有現在式can和過去式could兩種形式；be able to表示能力上“會”,有多種時態(tài)形式,to后面跟動詞原形,有時可以與can/could互換。如：Can you speak English? (你會說英語嗎？)/ He couldn’t(wasn’t able to) swim when he was 12. (他十二歲時不會游泳)
(17)there be、have的用法：兩個詞都可以譯為“有”,但是,have表示的是“擁有”,主語必須是人或者物；there be表示“存在”的概念,主語在there be之后。如：How many brothers and sisters do you have? I have only one brother. (你有多少兄弟？我只有一個兄弟。)/ How many chairs and desks are there in their classroom? There is none. (他們教室里有多少張桌椅？一張也沒有。)
[注解]there be sb./sth doing與there be sb./sth to do 有所不同：用doing表示一個正在發(fā)生的事情,而用to do 則表示一個滯后或遲于there be的動作。如： Look! There is a dog lying on the stairway. / Take your time. There is nothing for you to do tonight.
(18)borrow、lend、keep的用法：表示“借”的三個詞,borrow“借進”、lend“出借”都是一次性動作,不可以和表示一段的時間狀語連用；keep“保存”用來表示借一段時間。如： I have lost the book I borrowed from my teacher. What can I do? (我丟掉了從老師那里借來的書)/ How long have you kept my dictionary,eh?For more than two months! (呃,我的字典你借了多久了？兩個多月了！)
(20)hope、wish的用法：兩個詞都表示“希望”,但是,hope表達有把握或信心實現的事情,后面直接跟動詞不定式或者賓語從句,不可以跟動名詞或作賓語補足語的不定式；wish表達實現的可能性不大的事情,后面跟名詞、賓語從句(用過去時)或者作賓語補足語的不定式。如：We all hope to see him very soon. (我們全都希望盡快見到他)/ I hope it will be fine tomorrow so that we can go out. (我希望明天天好,這樣我們就能出去了。)/ How I wish it was not raining at the moment!(我多么希望此刻不在下雨！)(事實上天正在下雨)
如：She spent the whole night reading the novel. (她花了一個晚上看那本小說)/ This job will take me two days.=It will take me two days to do the job. (做這件事情要花我兩天的時間)/ How much does a house like this cost? (像這樣的房子要花多少錢？)/ I paid him twenty dollars for the book.. (我花了20元從他那兒買了書)
(22)begin、start的用法：begin在大多數情況下可以替代start,(反義詞是end),后面接不定式或動名詞時區(qū)別不大,但是start還可以表示“開始、出發(fā)、啟動”,反義詞是stop；某事停止后再重新開始一般用start.如：When did you begin/start to learn English? (你什么時候開始學英語的？)/ They started getting in the crops after the rain stopped. (雨停后他們開始收割莊稼) / This time he could not start his car. (這次他沒法啟動他的汽車)
(23)arrive in/at、reach、get to的用法：arrive是不及物動詞,到達具體地點時后面加介詞at,到達一個大的地方(國家、城市)時后面加介詞in,arrive后面可以直接跟地點副詞here/there/home等；get表示“到達”時是不及物動詞,涉及地點(無論大小)時后面加to,get后面可以直接跟地點副詞here等；reach是及物動詞,后面直接跟地點名詞。如：He arrived in San Francisco last Sunday. (上個星期天他抵達舊金山)/ How did you get there in the night? (你是怎樣在夜間到達那里的？)/ We hurried all the way and reached the station just five minutes before the train left. (我們一路狂奔在火車啟動前5分鐘到達車站)
