專有名詞用法: (一)人名 英美人的姓名與中國(guó)人的恰恰相反,姓在后面,名在前面,姓名前通常不用冠詞。例如: Mary Smith;George Washington。 (1)一般熟人間通常用名稱呼。例如: How's John getting on? 約翰近來好嗎? (2)在不熟悉人之間或表示禮貌時(shí),常把姓和稱謂連用。例如: Would you please tell John Smith to come to the office? 請(qǐng)你告訴約翰?史密斯到辦公室來一次好嗎? (3)姓氏復(fù)數(shù)前加定冠詞可表示全家人。例如: The Turners have gone to America.特納一家人去美國(guó)了。 (二)地名 (1)大部分單數(shù)形式的地名不用定冠詞。例如: Asia;America;China; London;Shanghai (2)大部分單數(shù)形式的湖、島、山名前不加定冠詞。例如:Silver Lake;Mount Tai (3)山脈、群島、海洋、河流、運(yùn)河、海灣、海峽、半島、沙漠名前一般加定冠詞。 例如:the Pacific;the English Channel;the Sahara (三)日期名 (1)節(jié)日名前通常不用冠詞。例如: Christmas;National Day (2)星期名前通常不用冠詞。例如: Sunday;Tuesday (3)月份名前通常不用冠詞。例如: April;December
初中專有名詞列舉: 1、表示人名、尊稱和頭銜的專有名詞 Einstein愛因斯坦 Vivian維維安 Chairman Hu胡主席 Premier Wen溫總理 President Obama奧巴馬總統(tǒng) Mr.Brown布朗先生 Doctor Lin林博士、林醫(yī)生 Queen Elizabeth II伊麗莎白女王二世 重點(diǎn)提示:人名的前面若有尊稱或頭銜,如Mr.(先生),President(總統(tǒng))等時(shí),其第一個(gè)字母也要大寫。
3、表示團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)和報(bào)刊的專有名詞 Museum of Postal History郵政博物館 China Daily中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào) Sydney Opera House悉尼歌劇院 Reuters路透社 Friends of the Earth地球之友(機(jī)構(gòu)名) Harvard University哈佛大學(xué)
4、表示星期、月份和節(jié)日的專有名詞 Wednesday星期三 Sunday星期天 March三月 Labour Day勞動(dòng)節(jié) National Day國(guó)慶節(jié) Father's Day父親節(jié)
5、由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞 the North Pole北極 the River Nile尼羅河 the Bund上海外灘 the Great Wall長(zhǎng)城 the Forbidden City紫禁城 the Temple of Heaven天壇 the White House白宮 the Terracotta Warriors兵馬俑 重點(diǎn)提示:專有名詞前要用定冠詞“the”,但它的首字母不大寫。
5.表示由兩部分構(gòu)成的東西, glasses(眼鏡) trousers (長(zhǎng)褲) clothes(衣服) 若表達(dá)具體數(shù)目,要借助數(shù)量詞pair(對(duì),雙)a pair of glasses two pairs of trousers suit(套)
形容詞: 簡(jiǎn)稱adj.或a,形容詞用來修飾名詞或代詞,表示人或事物的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài),和特征的程度好壞與否,形容詞在句中作定語,表語,賓語補(bǔ)足語。 她是一個(gè)好學(xué)生,她學(xué)習(xí)努力。She is a good student, and she works hard. 這輛自行車很貴。This bike is expensive. 對(duì)不起,我現(xiàn)在很忙。I am sorry, I'm busy now. 你為這次會(huì)議做好準(zhǔn)備了嗎? Have you got everything ready for the meeting?
形容詞的語法功能: 一、作定語 He is the greatest writer alive.他是依然健在的偉大的作家。 Somewone else has done it.別人已經(jīng)做了這事。 二、作補(bǔ)語 形容詞做主語補(bǔ)足語和賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí),可以表示其現(xiàn)狀、狀態(tài),也可以表示某一動(dòng)作的結(jié)果,并常用在表示“認(rèn)為,看待”的動(dòng)詞如believe,prove,consider等候。例如: The news made her sad.這消息使他感到非常悲傷。 Don't marry young.不要早婚。 三、作狀語 形容詞或形容詞短語可作狀語,形容詞作狀語時(shí),可以看作是“being+形容詞”結(jié)構(gòu)的省略,可表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、方式、強(qiáng)調(diào)或伴隨狀況等意義。例如: Enthusiastic,they are co-operative.熱心的時(shí)候他們是很合作的。 Rich or poor, young or old, we all have problems.不管是窮人還是富人,不管是年輕人還是老人,我們都有問題。 四、做表語 The ship was adrift on unknown seas.那艘船在陌生的海域漂流。 五、做主語 Old and young joined the discussion. Rich or poor meant the same to him.作感嘆語 Very good!Say it again. Stupid!He must be crasy.
形容詞的幾個(gè)特殊用法: most 同形容詞連用而不用 the, 表示 " 極,很,非常, 十分"。 It's most dangerous to be here. 在這兒太危險(xiǎn)。 I cannot do it, it's most difficult. 我干不了這件事,太難了。
"The+形容詞比較級(jí)..., the+形容詞比較級(jí)..." 表示 " 越... 就越..."。 The more you study, the more you know. 你學(xué)的越多, 就知道的越多。 The more I have, the more I want. 我越有就越想要有。 The more, the better. 越多越好。
" 形容詞比較級(jí) + and + 形容詞比較級(jí) ", 表示 " 越來越... "。 It's getting hotter and hotter. 天氣越來越熱了. It's pity he is getting poorer and poorer. 真可憐他越來越窮了。 The computer is cheaper and cheaper. 計(jì)算機(jī)越來越便宜。 The more and more people focus on the meeting next year. 越來越多的人關(guān)注明年的會(huì)議。
主語+謂語(系動(dòng)詞)+as+形容詞原形+as+從句。表示兩者對(duì)比相同。 This box is as big as mine. 這個(gè)盒子和我的一樣大。 This coat is as cheap as that one. 這件衣服同那件衣服一樣便宜。 I study English as hard as my brother. 我同我兄弟一樣學(xué)習(xí)努力。
the + 形容詞 表示某種人。 He always helps the poor. 他經(jīng)常幫助窮人。 I like to have a talk with the young. 我喜歡同年輕人談話。 The rich sometimes complain their empty life. 富人有時(shí)抱怨他們空虛的生活。 The police led the old man across the street. 警察領(lǐng)老人橫過馬路。
以-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞 1) 大部分形容詞加-ly可構(gòu)成副詞。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,brotherly,仍為形容詞。 改錯(cuò):(錯(cuò)) She sang lovely. (錯(cuò)) He spoke to me very friendly. (對(duì)) Her singing was lovely. (對(duì)) He spoke to me in a very friendly way. 2)有些以-ly 結(jié)尾的詞既為形容詞,也為副詞。 daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily.
too+adj.+to句型 “太…而不能” He is too young to go to school. =He isn’t old enough to go to school. =He is so young that he can’t go to school.
形容詞的位置: 1.形容詞一般放在名詞前作定語? 單個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞時(shí),一般要放在名詞的前面。它們的前面常常帶有冠詞、形容詞性物主代詞、指示代詞、數(shù)詞等。例如:? a red flower一朵紅花? an interesting story一個(gè)有趣的故事? six blind men 六個(gè)盲人? my own house我自己的房子? 如果有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的形容詞修飾一個(gè)名詞時(shí),則由它們和被修飾的名詞之間的密切程度而定,越密切的形容詞越靠近名詞。 如果幾個(gè)形容詞的密切程度差不多則按音節(jié)少的形容詞放在前面,音節(jié)多的形容詞放在后面。 2.當(dāng)形容詞所修飾的詞是由some,any,every,no等構(gòu)成的不定代詞時(shí),形容詞必須置于名詞之后。例如:? She has something new to tell me.?她有一些新的情況告訴我。? I have nothing important to do today.?今天我沒有重要的工作要做。? Do you know anybody else here??這兒你還有認(rèn)識(shí)的人嗎?? 3.形容詞后面有介詞短語或不定式短語時(shí),形容詞必須置于名詞之后。例如:? It is a problem difficult to work out.?這是一道難以解決的問題。? Edison is a student difficult to teach.?愛迪生是個(gè)很難教的學(xué)生。? This is a kind of flowers easy to grow.?這是一種易栽的花。? 4.用 and 或 or 連接起來的兩個(gè)形容詞作定語時(shí)一般把它們放在被修飾的名詞后面。起進(jìn)一步解釋的作用。例如:? All people,young or old,should be strict with themselves.? 所有的人,無論老少,都應(yīng)該嚴(yán)格要求自己。? We are building a new school, modern and super.? 我們正在建一所現(xiàn)代化的高檔次的新型學(xué)校。? All countries, rich and poor, should help one another. 所有的國(guó)家,無論窮富都應(yīng)該互相幫助。? 5.有少數(shù)形容詞,如enough和possible,既可置于所修飾的名詞前面也可以置于它所修飾的名詞之后。例如:? Do you have enough time(time enough)to prepare?你有足夠的時(shí)間做準(zhǔn)備嗎?? Maybe it will be a possible chance(chance possible)for you.或許它將成為一次可能的機(jī)遇。 6.有些形容詞,置于名詞之前與之后,含義不盡相同。例如:? the writer present 出席的作者? the present writer 現(xiàn)在的作者? 7.表示長(zhǎng),寬,高,深,及年齡的形容詞,應(yīng)放在相應(yīng)的名詞之后。 This river is about 100 metres wide. The building is more than 50 metres tall. He is less than 40 years old. 8. enough修飾名詞時(shí),在名詞前后都可以。 They said that they had enough food.=They said that they had food enough. enough 修飾形容詞和副詞,位于其后。 He is old enough to join the army. He isn’t old enough to go to school. 9.形容詞else通常放在疑問代詞,疑問副詞或不定代詞后 what/who/where/when/when else something/anything/nothing…else What else did you do? Do you have anything else to say? 10.由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的詞組成的形容詞詞組修飾名詞時(shí)須放在名詞之后。 This is the book easy to read. 這是一本容易讀的書。
形容詞知識(shí)拓展: 名詞化的形容詞: 有些形容詞可以和定冠詞連用,表示一類人或事物,這時(shí),它相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞,可作主語或賓語; 表示一類人時(shí),看作復(fù)數(shù),表示一類事物時(shí),通?醋鲉螖(shù)。 Robin Hooh(羅賓漢) hated the rich and loved the poor. The old are taken good care of in American. the+形容詞,常見的短語有: the old/the young/the sick/the white/ the black/the rich/the poor/the dead(死者)
復(fù)合形容詞的類型: (1)名詞+過去分詞 man-made satellite 人造衛(wèi)星 (2)形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 a good-looking man (3)形容詞+名詞 second-hand cars (4)數(shù)詞+名詞-ed three-legged chairs三條腿的椅子 (5)數(shù)詞+名詞 400- metre race (6)副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 hard-working students (7)副詞+過去分詞 well-known writers (8)形容詞+形容詞 a dark-red jacket (9)形容詞+過去分詞 ready-made clothes 成品服裝
含有形容詞的常用句型: (1) It’s+adj. of sb. to do sth. (good/ kind/nice/polite/clever/foolish… ) It’s very kind of you to help me. (2) It’s +adj. for sb. to do sth. (difficult/easy/hard/dangerous/usefulinteresting/important…) It’s important for us to learn English well. (3)下列形容詞后常跟動(dòng)詞不定式 表示情感或情緒的形容詞:glad,pleased,sorry,sad,afraid,thankful… I'm glad to see you. 表示能力,意志或推測(cè)的形容詞:ready,able,sure,certain… I’m sorry to hear that.
某些現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞可作形容詞 the moving story 令人感動(dòng)的故事 a moved boy 一個(gè)被感動(dòng)的男孩 a frightened child 一個(gè)被嚇到的孩子 a frightening film 一個(gè)恐怖電影
副詞分類: 1、時(shí)間副詞有三類:always, often, usually, sometimes, never, ever, hardly等一般位于系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞之后,實(shí)之前義動(dòng)詞 1)表示發(fā)生時(shí)間的副詞: It’s beginning to rain now! 現(xiàn)在開始下雨了! 2)表示頻繁程度的副詞,也稱頻度副詞always, often, usually, sometimes, never, ever, hardly等一般位于系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞之后,實(shí)之前義動(dòng)詞: She often changes her mind. 她常改變主意。 3)還有一些其他表示時(shí)間的副詞: He has just had an operation. 他剛動(dòng)過手術(shù)。 2、地點(diǎn)副詞: 1)有不少表示地點(diǎn)的副詞: She is studying abroad. 她在國(guó)外留學(xué)。 2)還有一些部分與介詞同形的副詞。它們與介詞同形,跟賓語的是介詞,否則是副詞: ①用作介詞:Stand up! 起立! ②用作副詞:A cat climbed up the tree. 貓爬上了樹。 3)以where 構(gòu)成的副詞也是地點(diǎn)副詞: It’s the same everywhere. 到處都一樣。 3、方式副詞: carefully, properly(適當(dāng)?shù)?, anxiously(焦慮地), suddenly, normally(正常地), fast, well, calmly(冷靜地), politely(有禮貌地), proudly(自豪地), softly, warmly ,slowly 4、程度副詞: much,little, very,rather(相當(dāng)),so,too,still, quite, perfectly(完美地), enough, extremely(非常), entirely(整個(gè)),almost, slightly(細(xì)小地), hardly. 5、疑問副詞: how, when, where, why. 6、關(guān)系副詞: when, where, why.等。 7、 連接副詞: therefore(因此),moreover(此外),however,otherwise(另外的),then,when ,where,how,why等。
副詞的語法作用: 副詞在句中可作狀語,表語,補(bǔ)語,定語。 He works hard. (作狀語) 他工作努力。 You speak English very well. (作狀語) 你英語講的相當(dāng)好。 Is she in ? (作表語) 她在家嗎? Let's be out. (作表語) 讓我們出去吧。 Food here is hardly to get. (here作定語,hardly作狀語) 這兒很難弄到食物。 Let him out!(作補(bǔ)語) 讓他出去! 修飾名詞的副詞放在被修飾詞之后 a. The villagers there are busy getting in wheat.
不同類型副詞的用法比較: 方式副詞: 1)英語中有大量方式副詞,說明行為方式(回答how的問題): How beautifully your wife dances. 你夫人舞跳的真美。 2)還有相當(dāng)多的副詞,表示某些情緒: She smiled gratefully. 她感激的笑了笑。 3)還有一些以-ly結(jié)尾的副詞,表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的狀況: He left the town secretly. 他悄然離開了這座城市。
程度副詞和強(qiáng)調(diào)副詞: 1)程度副詞可修飾動(dòng)詞,表示“到某種程度”: Is she badly hurt? 她傷得重嗎? [說明] 這類副詞除修飾動(dòng)詞外,還可修飾形容詞(a)或另一副詞(b): a. fairly simple 相當(dāng)簡(jiǎn)單 quite correct 完全正確 b. wonderfully well 好極了 do it very quickly 干得很快 2)much 是一個(gè)特殊的程度副詞,它可以: a. 修飾形容詞等: I’m not much good at singing. 我唱歌不太好。 b. 修飾比較級(jí): You sing much better than me. 你比我唱的好多了。 Their house is much nicer than ours. 他們的房子比我們的好多了。
疑問副詞和連接副詞: 1)疑問副詞:疑問副詞用來引導(dǎo)特殊問句: how: How is your grandmother? 你奶奶身體好嗎? where: Where does she come from? 她是哪兒人? when: When can you come? 你什么時(shí)候能來? why: Why was he so late? 他為什么來得這么晚? 2)連接副詞:連接副詞意思和詞形都和疑問副詞一樣,但都引導(dǎo)從句或與不定式連用: how: Do you know how to start this machine? 你知道這臺(tái)機(jī)器怎樣啟動(dòng)嗎? where: I don’t know where he lives. 我不知道他住在哪兒。(引導(dǎo)賓語從句) when: Tell me when you’ll be ready. 告訴我你什么時(shí)候準(zhǔn)備好。(引導(dǎo)賓語從句) why: That’s why I came round. 這就是我來的原因。(引導(dǎo)表語從句)
一些其它類型的副詞,如表示方向的副詞: Let’s go inside. 咱們到里面去。 Take two steps forward. 向前走兩步。
副詞的位置: 1、實(shí)義動(dòng)詞前,be動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后。 I am also Bush. I can also do that. I also want to play that games. I get up early in the morning everyday. 我每天早早起床。 He gave me a gift yesterday. 他昨天給了我一件禮物。 She didn't drink water enough. 她喝的水不夠。 The train goes fast. 火車跑得快。 We can go to this school freely. 我們可以免費(fèi)到這家學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)。 They left a life hardly then. 當(dāng)時(shí)他們的生活很艱難。 He has a new hat on today. 他今天戴了一頂新帽子。 I have seen this film twice with my friends. 這部電影我和朋友看過兩次。
2、副詞修飾形容詞,副詞時(shí),副詞在前面,而被修飾的詞在后面。 It's rather easy, I can do it. 這很容易,我能做到。 He did it quite well. 他做得相當(dāng)好。 It's rather difficult to tell who is right.很難說誰是對(duì)的。 It's so important that I must tell my friends. 這件事太重要了,我得告訴我的朋友。 It's much better. 好多了。
3、頻度副詞可放在實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的前面,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞的后面。 I often help him these days. 這些日子我經(jīng)常幫助他。 I always remember the day when I first came to this school. 我常常記得我第一次來學(xué)校的那一天。 You mustn't always help me. 你不能老是幫助我。 He seldom comes to see us. 他很少來看我們。 We usually go shopping once a week. 我們通常一周買一次東西。 The new students don't always go to dance. 新學(xué)生并不時(shí)常去跳舞。
4、疑問副詞,連接副詞,關(guān)系副詞以及修飾整個(gè)句子的副詞,通常放在句子或從句的前面。 When do you study everyday? 你每天什么時(shí)間學(xué)習(xí)? Can you tell me how you did it? 你能告訴我你如何做的嗎? First, let me ask you some questions. 先讓我來問幾個(gè)問題。 How much does this bike cost? 這輛車子多少錢? Either you go or he comes. 不是你去就是他來。 The students were reading when the teacher came into the classroom. 當(dāng)老師進(jìn)教室時(shí),學(xué)生們正在讀書。
5、時(shí)間副詞和地點(diǎn)副詞在一個(gè)句中, 地點(diǎn)副詞在前面時(shí)間副詞在后面。 We went shopping in the supermarket at 9 o'clock yesterday. 昨天九點(diǎn)鐘我們到超市買東西了. What were you doing in the classroom yesterday afternoon? 昨天下午你在教室里干什么? The accident took place in the Eleven Avenue one hour ago. 一小時(shí)前十一號(hào)大街發(fā)生了一場(chǎng)事故。
6、否定副詞在句首,句子要倒裝,如: Never have I felt so excited!
兼有兩種形式的副詞: 1) close與closely close意思是"近"; closely 意思是"仔細(xì)地" He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely.
2) late 與lately late意思是"晚"; lately 意思是"最近" You have come too late. What have you been doing lately?
3) deep與deeply deep意思是"深",表示空間深度;deeply時(shí)常表示感情上的深度,"深深地" He pushed the stick deep into the mud. Even father was deeply moved by the film.
4) high與highly high表示空間高度;highly表示程度,相當(dāng)于much The plane was flying high. I think highly of your opinion.
5) wide與widely wide表示空間寬度;widely意思是"廣泛地","在許多地方" He opened the door wide. English is widely used in the world.
6) free與freely free的意思是"免費(fèi)";freely 的意思是"無限制地" You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. You may speak freely; say what you like. 副詞有加a或ly的 區(qū)別在于通常加a 的副詞描述一種狀態(tài),而加ly 的副詞則傾向于感覺。
相關(guān)初中英語知識(shí)點(diǎn):情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞: 是一種本身有一定的詞義,表示說話人的情緒、態(tài)度或與語氣的動(dòng)詞,但不能單獨(dú)作謂語,只能和其他動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成謂語。 無人稱和數(shù)的變化,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面跟的動(dòng)詞需用原形,否定式構(gòu)成是在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面加 “not”。 個(gè)別情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有現(xiàn)在式和過去式兩種形式,過去式用來表達(dá)更加客氣,委婉的語氣, 時(shí)態(tài)性不強(qiáng),可用于過去,現(xiàn)在或?qū)。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞屬非及物動(dòng)詞,故沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有四類: ①只做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞:must, can(could),may(might)…… ②可做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞又可做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞:need, dare ③具有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞特征:have(had, has) to, used to ④情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表猜測(cè) 注:mustn't代表強(qiáng)烈禁止 must表示主觀,have to表示客觀。 常用的有:can may could must have use .
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞特點(diǎn): 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞無人稱和數(shù)的變化,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面跟的動(dòng)詞須用原形,否定式構(gòu)成是在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面加 "not"。 個(gè)別情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有現(xiàn)在式和過去式兩種形式,過去式用來表達(dá)更加客氣,委婉的語氣,時(shí)態(tài)性不強(qiáng),可用于過去,現(xiàn)在或?qū)怼G閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞屬非及物動(dòng)詞,故沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 He could be here soon.他很快就來。 We can't carry the heavy box.我們搬不動(dòng)那箱子。 I'm sorry I can't help you.對(duì)不起,我?guī)筒簧夏恪?BR> 基本助動(dòng)詞與情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞最主要的區(qū)別之一是: 基本助動(dòng)詞本身沒有詞義,而情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞則有自己的詞義,能表示說話人對(duì)有關(guān)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的看法,或表示主觀設(shè)想: What have you been doing since? (構(gòu)成完成進(jìn)行體,本身無詞義) I am afraid I must be going. (一定要) You may have read some account of the matter. (或許已經(jīng))
除此之外,情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞還有如下詞法和句法特征: 1) 除ought和used以外,其他情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面只能接不帶to的不定式。如果我們把ought to和used to看做是固定詞組的話,那么,所有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞無一例外地只能接不帶to的不定式: We used to grow beautiful roses.我們過去常常種這種漂亮的玫瑰花 I asked if he would come and repair my television set.我問他是否來修我的電視機(jī) 2) 情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞在限定動(dòng)詞詞組總是位居第一: They need not have been punished so severely. 3) 情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞用于第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在時(shí)的時(shí)候,沒有詞形變化,即其詞尾無-s形式: She dare not say what she thinks. 4) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有非限定形式,即沒有不定式和分詞形式,也沒有相應(yīng)的動(dòng)名詞: Still,she needn't have run away. 5)情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞的“時(shí)”的形式并不是時(shí)間區(qū)別的主要標(biāo)志。在不少場(chǎng)合,情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過去時(shí)形式都可以表示現(xiàn)在、過去或?qū)頃r(shí)間: Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something? She told him he ought not to have done it. 6) 情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞之間是相互排斥的,即在一個(gè)限定動(dòng)詞詞組中只能出現(xiàn)一個(gè)情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞,但有時(shí)卻可以與have和be基本助動(dòng)詞連用: You should have washed the wound. Well,you shouldn't be reading a novel. 7)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must一般疑問句否定回答用needn't Must I read books every day、 No,you needn't
常見情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法: 1.can (could) 表示說話人能,可以,同意,準(zhǔn)許,以及客觀條件許可,could 為 can 的過去式。 2.Must 必須,應(yīng)該,一定,準(zhǔn)是,表示說話人認(rèn)為有必要做某事,命令,要求別人做某事以及對(duì)事物的推測(cè)。 must 用來指一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般將來時(shí), 過去式可用 have to 的過去式代替。 must + have + 過去分詞,表示現(xiàn)在對(duì)過去事物的推測(cè)。 must 和 have to 的區(qū)別:must 表示說話人的主觀思想,have to 表示客觀需要。 3.need 是一個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,他的用法完全和其他情態(tài)動(dòng)詞一樣,但 need 還可當(dāng)作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞使用,這時(shí) need 就象其他動(dòng)詞一樣,有第三人稱,單復(fù)數(shù), 后面加帶 to 的動(dòng)詞等特性。 needn't + have + 過去分詞 表示過去做了沒必要做的事情。 4.dare 除用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞外,更多的是當(dāng)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞使用, 用法同實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一樣,要考慮人稱,單復(fù)數(shù),時(shí)態(tài)等。 5.ought 應(yīng)當(dāng),應(yīng)該。后面跟帶有 to 的動(dòng)詞不定式。 ought + to have done 句型。指過去動(dòng)作,表示一件事情該做而未做。 ought not to have done 句型。表示一件不該做的事情卻做了。 6.will (would)決心,愿望。 would 為 will 的過去式, will, would用于疑問句表示說話人向?qū)Ψ教岢稣?qǐng)求或詢問,用 would 比 will 更婉轉(zhuǎn),客氣。 7.Shall、should 表示命令,警告,允諾,征求,勸告,建議,驚奇。 8.have to,不得不,必須,表示客觀條件只能如此,而must 則表示主觀思想。
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞功能: 助動(dòng)詞主要有兩類:基本助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞。 基本助動(dòng)詞有三個(gè):do,have和be; 情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞基本的有十四個(gè):may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to.had better 上述兩類助動(dòng)詞的共同特征是,在協(xié)助主動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成限定動(dòng)詞詞組時(shí),具有作用詞的功能: 1) 構(gòu)成否定式: He didn't go and neither did she. The meeting might not start until 5 o'clock. 2) 構(gòu)成疑問式或附加疑問式: Must you leave right now? You have been learning French for 5 years, haven't you? 3) 構(gòu)成修辭倒裝: Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister. Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining. 4) 代替限定動(dòng)詞詞組: A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle? B: Tom can. A: Shall I write to him? B: Yes, do.
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè)的用法小結(jié) (一)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè)的三種句式 1.在肯定句中一般用must (一定),may(可能),might /can, could(也許,或許)。 (1)He must/may/might know the answer to this question? 他一定/可能/也許知道這個(gè)問題的答案。 (2)It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating. 屋里很冷,他們肯定把暖氣關(guān)了。 2. 否定句中用can’t / couldn’t(不可能), may not/might not (可能不)。 (1)It can’t/couldn’t be the headmaster. He has gone to America. 這不可能是校長(zhǎng),他去美國(guó)了。 (2)He may not/might not know the scientist. 他也許不認(rèn)識(shí)那位科學(xué)家。 3. 疑問句中用can/could (能……?)。 (1)Could he have finished the task?他可能把任務(wù)完成了嗎? (2)Can he be at home now? 他現(xiàn)在能在家嗎? 注:以上三種句式中情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的語氣按程度都是依次遞減的。Might, could并非may, can的過去式,而表示語氣較為委婉或可能性較小。
(二)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè)的三種時(shí)態(tài) 1. 對(duì)將來情況的推測(cè),用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + 動(dòng)詞原形”。 (1)She must / may / might / could arrive before 5. 5: 00 前她一定/可能/也許到。 (2)She must/may/might/could walk miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone. 她一定/可能/也許會(huì)在山里一連走好幾英里而遇不到一個(gè)人。 2. 對(duì)現(xiàn)在或一般情況的推測(cè),用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + be”,“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 +be doing”或 “情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + 動(dòng)詞原形”。 (1)He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now. 他一定/可能/也許正在聽收音機(jī)。 (2)He can’t ( couldn’t ) / may ( might ) not be at home at this time. 這個(gè)時(shí)候他不可能/可能不在家。 (3)Mr. Bush is on time for everything .How can ( could ) he be late for the opening ceremony ? 布什先生一向準(zhǔn)時(shí),這次開幕式他怎么可能遲到呢? 3.對(duì)過去情況的推測(cè),用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + have +過去分詞”。 (1)It must / may / might / could have rained last night .The ground is wet. 地濕了,昨晚肯定/可能/也許下雨了。 (2)The door was locked. He can ( could ) not / may ( might ) not have been at home . 門鎖著,他不可能/可能不在家。 (3)Can / Could he have gotten the book? 難道他找到書了嗎? 注:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 should /ought to表推測(cè)時(shí),意為“想必會(huì),理應(yīng)……”但與“have +過去 分詞”連用時(shí),則又可構(gòu)成虛擬語氣意為“本應(yīng)該做某事卻沒做”。 例如: (4)It’s seven o’clock. Jack should/ought to be here at any moment. 現(xiàn)在七點(diǎn)鐘了,杰克理應(yīng)隨時(shí)到達(dá)。(推測(cè)) (5)She should / ought to have attended your birthday party, but she had to look after her mother in hospital. (虛擬) 她本該出席你的生日晚會(huì)的,可是她得在醫(yī)院照顧她媽媽。 (6)Tom should not /ought not to have told me your secret, but he meant no harm. (虛擬) 湯姆本不該告訴我你的秘密,可是他并無惡意。