【讀者按】動(dòng)詞可分為及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞兩大類(lèi)。那我們?cè)撛趺从脛?dòng)詞呢?怎么樣用才正確呢?下面看看編輯的“英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)”
類(lèi) 別
意義
例 句
實(shí)義動(dòng)詞
含有實(shí)在的意義,表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),在句子中能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)。
She has some bananas.
They eat a lot of potatoes.
連系動(dòng)詞
本身有一定的詞義,但不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ),必須和表語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。
His father is a teacher.
Twins usually look the same.
The teacher became very angry.
助動(dòng)詞
本身沒(méi)有詞義,不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ),只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,用來(lái)表示否定、疑問(wèn)、時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)或其它語(yǔ)法形式,助動(dòng)詞自身有人稱(chēng)、單復(fù)數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。
He doesn’t speak English.
We are playing basketball.
Do you have a brother?
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
本身有一定的意義,不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ),只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,表示說(shuō)話(huà)人的語(yǔ)氣和情態(tài)。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱(chēng)和單復(fù)數(shù)的變化,有些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有過(guò)去式。
You can keep the books for two weeks.
May I smoke here?
We must go now.
★重要注解:
(1)關(guān)于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞:
①英語(yǔ)的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞又可分為及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞兩大類(lèi):
后面必須跟賓語(yǔ)意義才完整的叫及物動(dòng)詞;本身意義完整,后面不需跟賓語(yǔ)的叫不及物動(dòng)詞。
②有些動(dòng)詞通常只作不及物動(dòng)詞。如:go,come,happen,lie,listen,rise,arrive等。
有些動(dòng)詞通常用作及物動(dòng)詞。如:say,raise,lay,find,buy等。
③大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞可以兼作及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞。如:study,sing等。
④有些動(dòng)詞作及物動(dòng)詞與作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)的意義有所不同。如:know,wash等。
⑤有些動(dòng)詞常和介詞、副詞或其它詞類(lèi)一起構(gòu)成固定詞組,形成短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。如:listen,reply,wait,look.
(2)關(guān)于連系動(dòng)詞:
①連系動(dòng)詞用來(lái)連接主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ),連系動(dòng)詞后面常為形容詞。
②常見(jiàn)的連系動(dòng)詞有:be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、grow、get、go、fall、sit、stand、lie等。
③有些連系動(dòng)詞來(lái)源于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,意思也跟著變化:look(看→看起來(lái))、feel(感覺(jué)、摸→感到)、smell(聞、嗅→聞起來(lái))、taste(嘗→嘗起來(lái))、turn(翻轉(zhuǎn)、轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)→變得)、grow(生長(zhǎng)→變得)、get(得到、到達(dá)→變得)、go(去→變得),所不同的是,作為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí),后面不能跟形容詞。
(3)關(guān)于助動(dòng)詞:
①常見(jiàn)的助動(dòng)詞有:
用于進(jìn)行時(shí)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的be(am,is,are,was,were,been,being);
用于完成時(shí)的have(has,had,having);
用于將來(lái)時(shí)的shall(should);will(would)
用于一般時(shí)的do(does,did).
②助動(dòng)詞必須同主語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)一致,也就是說(shuō)因主語(yǔ)人稱(chēng)、數(shù)的不同而采用不同的形式,其中有些助動(dòng)詞也可作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。如:shall,will,should,would.
(4)關(guān)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞:
2、動(dòng)詞詞形變化一覽表:
(1)規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化表:
規(guī) 則變 化
原形動(dòng)詞結(jié)尾情況
現(xiàn)在時(shí)單三人稱(chēng)
現(xiàn)在分詞/動(dòng)名詞
過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞
一般情況
+s
+ing
+ed
s,x,ch,sh,o結(jié)尾
+es
輔音字母+y結(jié)尾
y→i,+es
y→i,+ed
重讀閉音節(jié)一元一輔結(jié)尾
雙寫(xiě)輔音字母,+ing
雙寫(xiě)輔音字母,+ed
不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾
去掉e,+ing
+d
ie結(jié)尾
ie→y,+ing
不規(guī)則變化
have→has;be→is
(無(wú))
(見(jiàn)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化表)
(2)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化表:(原形→過(guò)去式→過(guò)去分詞)
be(am,is)
was
been
lose
lost
be(are)
were
make
made
beat
beaten
may
might
become
became
mean
meant
begin
began
begun
meet
met
blow
blew
blown
mistake
mistook
mistaken
break
broke
broken
must
bring
brought
pay
paid
build
built
put
buy
bought
read
Read
can
could
ride
rode
ridden
catch
caught
ring
rang
rung
choose
chose
chosen
rise
rose
risen
come
came
run
ran
cost
say
said
cut
see
saw
seen
dig
dug
sell
sold
do
did
done
send
sent
draw
drew
drawn
set
drink
drank
drunk
shall
should
drive
drove
driven
shine
shone
eat
ate
eaten
show
showed
shown
fall
fell
fallen
shut
feel
felt
sing
sang
sung
find
found
sink
sank/sunk
sunk/sunken
fly
flew
flown
sit
forget
forgot
forgot/forgotten
sleep
slept
freeze
froze
frozen
smell
smelt
get
got
speak
spoke
spoken
give
gave
given
spend
spent
go
went
gone
spill
spilt
grow
grew
grown
spoil
spoilt
hang
hung/hanged
stand
stood
have(has)
had
sweep
swept
hear
heard
swim
swam
swum
hide
hid
hidden
take
took
taken
hit
teach
taught
hold
held
tell
told
hurt
think
thought
keep
kept
throw
threw
thrown
know
knew
known
understand
understood
lay
laid
wake
woke/waked
woken/waked
learn
learnt/learned
wear
wore
worn
leave
left
will
would
lend
lent
win
won
let
write
wrote
witten
lie
lain
3、be(“是/存在”)動(dòng)詞的各種時(shí)態(tài)變化:
一 般 現(xiàn) 在 時(shí)
一 般 將 來(lái) 時(shí)
現(xiàn) 在 完 成 時(shí)
I am….
You are.…
He/She/It is….
We/You/They are….
(I等各人稱(chēng)) will be….
I am
He/She/It is going to be…
We/You/They are
I have been….
You have been….
She/he/It has been….
We/You/They have been….
一 般 過(guò) 去 時(shí)
過(guò) 去 將 來(lái) 時(shí)
過(guò) 去 完 成 時(shí)
I was….
You were.…
He/She/It was….
We/You/They were….
(I等各人稱(chēng)) would be….
I was
He/She/It was going to be…
We/You/They were
I had been….
You had been….
She/he/It had been….
We/You/They had been….
注意:句型變化時(shí),
否定句在am/is/are/will/have/has/was/were/had/would后面加not,而且not都可以縮寫(xiě)為n’t(am后面not不可以縮寫(xiě));
疑問(wèn)句將am/is/are/will/have/has/was/were/had/would提前到句首。
4、其它謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))的時(shí)態(tài)變化一覽表:
現(xiàn)在 時(shí)態(tài)
現(xiàn) 在 進(jìn) 行 時(shí)
謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成
動(dòng)詞用原形(單三加s / es)
(問(wèn)句和否定句借用助詞do / does)
am
is +動(dòng)詞-ing
are
will + 動(dòng)詞原形
is +going to+動(dòng)詞原形
have +過(guò)去分詞
has
過(guò)去 時(shí)態(tài)
過(guò) 去 進(jìn) 行 時(shí)
動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式
(問(wèn)句和否定句借用助詞did)
+動(dòng)詞-ing
would + 動(dòng)詞原形
+going to+動(dòng)詞原形
注:動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式及用法見(jiàn)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞專(zhuān)項(xiàng)講解。
誤區(qū)提醒
動(dòng)詞的種類(lèi)和形式要結(jié)合動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)等來(lái)學(xué)習(xí),掌握好動(dòng)詞的分類(lèi)和形式,是學(xué)好時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的基礎(chǔ),撇開(kāi)動(dòng)詞分類(lèi)及基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)去學(xué)其他內(nèi)容,是舍本求末的做法,只有基礎(chǔ)扎實(shí)了,才能高屋建瓴,徹底弄清楚跟動(dòng)詞有關(guān)的其他內(nèi)容,打贏當(dāng)中的攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)!
數(shù)學(xué))
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