同位語: 一個(gè)名詞(或其它形式)對(duì)另一個(gè)名詞或代詞進(jìn)行修飾,限定或說明,這個(gè)名詞(或其它形式)就是同位語。 同位語與被它限定的詞的格式要一致,并常常緊挨在一起。同位語從句即重復(fù)說明同一個(gè)稱謂或事件的從句。 1.名詞作同位語 Mr Wang,my child’s teacher,will be visiting us on Tuesday. 王先生,我孩子的老師,星期二要來看我們。 (在這里'my child's teacher'做同位語修飾'Mr Wang') 2.短語作同位語 I,the oldest girl in the family,always had to care for the other children. 我,作為家里最大的女孩,總是要照料家中的其他孩子。 直接引語作同位語 But now the question comes to their minds,“Did she die young because she was a clone?” 但是現(xiàn)在他們不得不思考這樣的問題:“多莉早死是因?yàn)樗且恢豢寺⊙騿??BR>3.句子作同位語 The girls were surprised at the fact that ocean ships can sail up the Great lakes. 巨大的海輪可以開到五大湖,讓表姐妹倆感到吃驚。
同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞: 引導(dǎo)同位語從句的詞語通常有連詞that,whether,連接代詞和連接副詞等。 1. 由that引導(dǎo) We heard the news that our team had won. 我們聽到消息說我們隊(duì)贏了。 They were worried over the fact that you were sick. 他們?yōu)槟闵“l(fā)愁。 The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 明天放假的消息不實(shí)。 I’ve come to the conclusion that it was unwise to do that. 我得出結(jié)論這樣做是不明智的。 The fact that the money has gone does not mean it was stolen. 那筆錢不見了這一事實(shí)并不意味著是被偷了。 He referred to Copernicus’ statement that the earth moves round the sun. 他提到了哥白尼關(guān)于地球繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)的說法。 【注意1】在某些名詞(如demand, wish, suggestion, resolution等)后面的同位語從句要用虛擬語氣。如: They were faced with the demand that this tax be abolished. 他們面對(duì)廢除這個(gè)稅的要求。 They expressed the wish that she accept the award. 他們表示希望她接受這筆獎(jiǎng)金。 There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team. 有一項(xiàng)建議是布朗應(yīng)該離隊(duì)。 The suggestion that the new rule be adopted came from the chairman. 采納新規(guī)則的建議是主席提出的。 The resolution that women be allowed to join the society was carried. 允許婦女參加這個(gè)協(xié)會(huì)的決議通過了。 I can understand their eagerness that you should be the main speaker. 我理解他們希望你作主要發(fā)言人的殷切心情。 【注意2】引導(dǎo)同位語從句的連詞that通常不省略,但在非正式文體中也可以省去。如: He gabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the Tokyo plane. 他拿起了手提箱,給人的印象是他要登上飛往東京的飛機(jī)了。
2. 由whether引導(dǎo) There is some doubt whether he will come. 他是否會(huì)來還不一定。 Answer my question whether you are coming. 你回答我的問題:你來不來。 The question whether it is right or wrong depends on the result. 這個(gè)是對(duì)還是錯(cuò)要看結(jié)果。 We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy. 我們不是在調(diào)查他是否可以信任的問題。 【注意】whether 可引導(dǎo)同位語從句,但if不能引導(dǎo)同位語從句。
3. 由連接代詞引導(dǎo) Have you any idea what time it starts? 你知道什么時(shí)候開始嗎? From 1985-90 I was an instructor at the regional party headquarters. After that I went back to work in a factory. Then I had no idea what a casino was. 從1985年到1990年我是地方黨部的教員。隨后我回到一家工廠工作。當(dāng)時(shí)我不知道賭場(chǎng)是什么樣的地方。
4. 由連接副詞引導(dǎo) I have no idea when he will come back. 我不知道他什么時(shí)候回來。 It is a question how he did it. 那是一個(gè)他如何做的問題。 He had no idea why she left. 他不知道她為什么離開。 You have no idea how worried I was! 你不知道我多著急!
同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別: 1.意義的不同 同位語從句是用于說明所修飾名詞的具體內(nèi)容的,它與被修飾詞語通?梢詣澋忍(hào); 而定語從句是限制所修飾名詞的,它的作用是將所修飾的名詞與其他類似的東西區(qū)別開來: We are glad at the news that he will come. 聽到他要來這個(gè)消息我們很高興。 (news的內(nèi)容就是that he will come,故that引導(dǎo)的是同位語從句) We are glad at the news that he told us. 聽到他告訴我們的這個(gè)消息我們很高興。 (that從句是限制the news的內(nèi)容的,即我們高興只是因?yàn)樗嬖V的這個(gè)news而不是其他的news,故that從句為定語從句)
3. 引導(dǎo)詞的功能上的不同 that引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí),它不充當(dāng)句子成分,而引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí),它作為關(guān)系代詞,要么充當(dāng)定語從句的主語,要么充當(dāng)定語從句的賓語。 如上例 that he told us中的that就充當(dāng)told的賓語。
4. 被修飾詞語的區(qū)別 同位語從句所修飾的名詞比較有限,通常有hope, wish, idea, news, fact, promise, opinion, suggestion, truth等,而定語從句所修飾的名詞則非常廣泛。 另外,when和where 引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí),通常只修飾表示時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)的名詞,而它們引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)卻不一定; 又如why引導(dǎo)定語從句,它通常只修飾名詞the reason,而它引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)則不一定: I have no idea when they will come . 我不知道他們什么時(shí)候來。(同位語從句) I’ll never forget the days when I lived there.. 我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我住在那兒的日子。(定語從句) We don’t understand the problem why this is the best choice. 我們不明白這個(gè)問題,為什么這是最好的選擇。(同位語從句 ) The reason why he didn’t come to the meeting is that he is ill. 他未能來開會(huì),原因是他生病了。(定語從句)
同位語從句的用法: 同位語部分是個(gè)句子,就是同位語從句,這種用法比較"固定" 一、在復(fù)合句中用作同位語的從句叫同位語從句。它一般跟在某些名詞后面,用以說明該名詞表示的具體內(nèi)容。 I heard the news that our team had won.我聽到了我們隊(duì)獲勝的消息。
二、可以跟同位語從句的名詞通常有: news,idea,fact,promise,question,doubt,thought,hope,message,suggestion, words(消息),possibility等(一般的“抽象”名詞都可用)。 I’ve come from Mr wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon. 我從王先生那里來,他讓我告訴你他今天下午不能來看你了。
三、英語中引導(dǎo)同位語從句的詞通常有 連詞:that,whether, 連接代詞:what,who, 連接副詞:how,when,where等。(注:if,which 不能引導(dǎo)同位語從句。) He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必須回答他是否同意這樣一個(gè)問題。
四、有時(shí)同位語從句可以不緊跟在說明的名詞后面,而被別的詞隔開。 The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city. 他突然想起可能敵人已經(jīng)逃出城了。
關(guān)于分離同位語從句 有時(shí)同位語從句可以和同位的名詞分開。如: The story goes that he beats his wife. 傳說他打老婆。 The news got about that he had won a car in the lottery. 消息傳開說他中彩得了一輛汽車。 The rumour spread that a new school would be built here. 謠傳這里要蓋一所新學(xué)校。 Report has it that the Smiths are leaving town. 有傳言說史密斯一家要離開這座城市。 The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city. 他想到可能敵人已逃離這座城市。 The order soon came that all citizens should evacuate the village. 不久命令下來,所有居民都必須撤出村子。
間隔同位語從句 同位語從句通常是跟在它解釋或說明的名詞后,但有些情況下,由于句子結(jié)構(gòu)的原因,同位語從句不緊跟在名詞后,而被其他的詞隔開。 A warm thought suddenly came to me that I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother's birthday 簡(jiǎn)析:由于that從句太長(zhǎng),為避免句子失去平衡,此處用了間隔同位語從句
suggestion,request和order等名詞后的同位語從句用虛擬語氣。 She made a request that the doctor(should)be sent for at once.她請(qǐng)求立即請(qǐng)醫(yī)生來。 簡(jiǎn)析:suggestion,order,request,proposal,requirement,command,advice,proposition和recommendation等名詞后接同位語從句時(shí),從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞要用“(should+)動(dòng)詞原形”的形式,其中should一詞可省略。
不定式的用法: 1、不定式作主語 例如:To remember this is very important. 注意:為了避免頭重腳輕,在許多情況下,通常都將作主語的不定式置于句子后部,而在句首主語位置使用形式主語it。 例如:It is very important to remember this. 2、不定式作表語 例如:He seems to be ill. 注意:不定式作表語主要有三種情況,一是用于seem, appear, prove等系動(dòng)詞之后的不 定式(尤其是to be), 二是像My job is to sweep the floor. 這樣的主語與表語“等價(jià)”的情形, 三是表示想法、約定、義務(wù)、命令、可能性、命運(yùn)等,如: You are to come when I call. 3、不定式作賓語 例如:I can not afford to buy a car. 注意: ①不定式不僅用作動(dòng)詞的賓語,還可用作個(gè)別介詞(but, except)的賓語。 例如:I had no choice but to wait. ②當(dāng)作賓語的不定式后跟有賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí),通常要用形式賓語it代替不定式,并將真正的賓語不定式置于賓語補(bǔ)足語之后 例如:I find it difficult to learn Japanese well. 4、不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語 例如:Who taught you to drive? 5、不定式作定語 例如:I have a question to ask you. 注意:有的名詞(如way, chance, right等)后用作不定式可換成of doing sth. 如:It is the best way to do (of doing) it. 但是以下名詞后接不定式作定語時(shí)通常不能換成of doing sth. attempt courage decision effort fortune failure invitation wish 6、不定式作狀語 例如:I went to France to learn French.
過去分詞構(gòu)成形式: 1.規(guī)則動(dòng)詞:規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞的構(gòu)成規(guī)則與規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則相同。四點(diǎn)變化規(guī)則: (1)、一般動(dòng)詞,在詞尾直接加“ ed ”。(然而要注意的是,過去分詞并不是過去式) work---worked---worked , visit---visited---visited (2)、以不發(fā)音的“ e ” 結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,只在詞尾加“ d ”。 live---lived---lived (3)、以“輔音字母 + y ”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,將 "y" 變?yōu)?"i" ,再加“ ed ”。 study---studied---studied,cry---cried---cried,try---tried---tried,fry---fried---fried.[1] (4)、重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾,末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母,先雙寫該輔音字母,再加“ ed ”。 stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped (5)、以ic結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,要把ic變成ick再加ed, picnic→picnicked ,traffic→trafficked 2 、不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞:見不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞表
分詞用法: 1、分詞作狀語 分詞在句子中作狀語,可以表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、結(jié)果、讓步、伴隨等。 分詞(短語)作狀語時(shí),其邏輯主語應(yīng)與句中主語相一致。 當(dāng)現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前時(shí), 則用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式,且所表示動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生, 則用現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式。 完成或被動(dòng)關(guān)系用過去分詞。 ①現(xiàn)在分詞: The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking. ②過去分詞: Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station. Given better attention, the plants could grow better.
2、“while ( when, once, until, if , though等連詞)+分詞”結(jié)構(gòu) 現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞作狀語時(shí),有時(shí)可以在分詞前加while,when, once, although,until, if等連詞。 ①現(xiàn)在分詞: When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us. While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work…… ②過去分詞: Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well. Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.
3、分詞作定語 分詞作定語時(shí),單個(gè)的分詞通常放在被修飾的名詞之前,分詞短語一般置于所修飾的中心詞后面。 現(xiàn)在分詞修飾的是發(fā)出該動(dòng)作的名詞(即與名詞有主謂關(guān)系),過去分詞修飾承受該動(dòng)作的名詞(即與名詞是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系)。 We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund. This is really an exhausting day to all of us! We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight. After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day. More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries
4、分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語 現(xiàn)在分詞在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官動(dòng)詞和look at, listen to等短語動(dòng)詞以及 have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役動(dòng)詞后面與名詞或代詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語,作賓語補(bǔ)語的成分。 例:I see him passing my house every day. I caught him stealing things in that shop. I smelt something burning.
5、分詞作表語 分詞作表語通?醋餍稳菰~來用。 過去分詞表示主語的感受或狀態(tài),主語多為人,F(xiàn)在分詞表示主語的性質(zhì),而且主語多為物; ①過去分詞: We were so bored that we couldn’t help yawning. She felt confused, and even frightened. ②現(xiàn)在分詞: He was very amusing. That book was rather boring. 很多動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞都可以作表語: exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling.
動(dòng)詞短語搭配形式: 1.動(dòng)詞+副詞 ①作及物動(dòng)詞,例: He brought up his children strictly. 從以上的例句中可以看出,在“動(dòng)詞+副詞”的詞組中賓語位置有兩種情況: 賓語如是名詞,則可置于副詞后面,亦可置于動(dòng)詞和副詞之間。 而如果賓語是代詞,只能置于動(dòng)詞后面,即動(dòng)詞和副詞之間。 ②作不及物動(dòng)詞,例: Something unexpected has turned up. 出現(xiàn)了令人意外的情況。(turn up=appear) ③既可作及物動(dòng)詞又可作不及物動(dòng)詞,例: The barrel of gunpowder blew up.(不及物)火藥桶爆炸了。 The soldiers blew up the bridge.(及物)士兵們把橋炸毀了。
2.動(dòng)詞+介詞 動(dòng)詞與介詞構(gòu)成的詞組在詞義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞,賓語總是在介詞后面,例: I don’t much care for television.我不很喜歡電視。(care for=like)
3.動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞 在這類動(dòng)詞短語中,動(dòng)詞、副詞、介詞緊密結(jié)合,是動(dòng)副詞組和動(dòng)介詞組的合成體,詞義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞。 它兼有以上兩類短語動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn),但賓語總是位于介詞之后,例: We must work hard to make up for lost time.我們必須努力工作來彌補(bǔ)失去的時(shí)間。(make up for=compensate)
4.動(dòng)詞+名詞 這類動(dòng)詞短語中的常見動(dòng)詞是have,take,give,make等, 后面的名詞通常是從動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來的動(dòng)作名詞,并表達(dá)了短語動(dòng)詞的真正意義,例: Let’s have another try.讓我們?cè)僭囈幌。(have a try=v.try)
5.動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞 這類動(dòng)詞短語只用作及物動(dòng)詞。名詞前可加形容詞說明程度,賓語總是位于介詞之后, 例:Keep an eye on the baby while I am out.我不在家時(shí)請(qǐng)照看一下小孩子。
6.be+形容詞(包括過去分詞作形容詞)+介詞 這類動(dòng)詞短語也相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞,賓語位于介詞后面,形容詞是短語動(dòng)詞的真正詞義, 例:I know he is slow at understanding,but you have to be patient with him. 我知道他理解力差,但你得對(duì)他耐心些。
動(dòng)詞短語與短語動(dòng)詞: 一、短語動(dòng)詞 (1)短語動(dòng)詞常常是兩個(gè)詞(一個(gè)動(dòng)詞+一個(gè)副詞性小品)構(gòu)成,如:wake up , get up ,turn out 等。
(2)同一個(gè)動(dòng)詞后面可以有不同的副詞性小品詞,構(gòu)成不同意義的短語動(dòng)詞。如:He turn on the radio .Bob turned out smiling.
(3)短語動(dòng)詞用法普遍,尤其在非正式語言中:
我們可以說 He awoke late the following morning .但這太正式了。
我們通常說 He woke up late the following morning .
短語動(dòng)詞的類型
Here is a page from Mr Jones` diary :
Monday ,February 5th.
*有些短語動(dòng)詞不帶賓語:
The car broke down .Cigarette prices are going up.
*多數(shù)主短語動(dòng)詞可以帶賓語,賓語通常在副詞性小品詞的前或后:
動(dòng)詞+副詞性小品詞+賓語 動(dòng)詞+賓語+副詞性小品詞
I rang up a garage. I rang a garage up.
如果賓語較長(zhǎng),則通常放在副詞之后:
I filled in an application form.(不說 I filled an application form in .)
短語動(dòng)詞由動(dòng)詞加上介詞或副詞小品詞構(gòu)成。比如: 1. 由動(dòng)詞break構(gòu)成的常見短語動(dòng)詞有: break away (from) 突然逃離;斷絕往來,脫離;改掉,破除 break down (機(jī)器等)壞了;(計(jì)劃等)失敗;(談話等)中斷;(健康等)變壞;感情失去控制 break in 突然進(jìn)來,強(qiáng)行進(jìn)入;插嘴,打岔;訓(xùn)練,使適應(yīng) break into 強(qiáng)行進(jìn)入;突然…起來;打斷,插嘴;占用時(shí)間 break off 停止講話;暫停,休息;(使)折斷 break out (火災(zāi)、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)等)突然發(fā)生,爆發(fā) break through 突破;克服,征服;強(qiáng)行穿過;(太陽等)從云層里出來 break up 解散,驅(qū)散;(學(xué)校等)放假;結(jié)束,破裂;擊碎;絕交 break with 與…絕交,與…決裂 2. 又如由bring構(gòu)成的常用短語動(dòng)詞有: bring about 引起,實(shí)現(xiàn),導(dǎo)致 bring (a)round 使改變觀點(diǎn)或看法;使蘇醒;順便把某人帶來串門 bring back 送還;使想起,使恢復(fù) bring down 擊落;打死,打傷;使倒下;降低 bring forth 產(chǎn)生,引起,結(jié)果 bring in 收獲;獲利;介紹,引進(jìn);聘請(qǐng);逮捕 bring off 從船上救出;設(shè)法做成 bring on 帶來,引起;促使生長(zhǎng);幫助提高 bring out 取出,拿出;顯示出,使出來;出版 bring over 說服,使改變(思想等) bring through 使度過(困難,危機(jī)等) bring together 使和解 bring up 提出,提起;撫養(yǎng),培養(yǎng);嘔吐
二、動(dòng)詞短語 動(dòng)詞短語由動(dòng)詞加上賓語或狀語構(gòu)成。如: break a glass 打破一個(gè)玻璃杯 break one’s leg 摔斷腿 break a window 打破窗戶 break the rules 違反規(guī)定 break a bad habit 改掉壞習(xí)慣 break the world record 打破世界記錄 bread easily 容易斷 break to pieces 破成碎片 bring a book 帶來一本書 bring sb sth 給某人帶來某物 bring sb great satisfaction 給某人帶來極大的快慰 bring death and famine 導(dǎo)致死亡和饑荒
2. call call at a place (車船等)?;到某地拜訪。 call away 叫走,叫開…;轉(zhuǎn)移(注意力等)。 call back喚回; 回電話; call for需要,要求 call for sth (sb) 喊著叫某人來,喊著叫人取來某物 call in 叫進(jìn),請(qǐng)進(jìn); 找來,請(qǐng)來;來訪;收回 call off取消; 叫走,轉(zhuǎn)移開 call (up)on sb 拜訪或看望某人 call sb sth 為某人叫某物 call (up)on sb to do sth 叫(請(qǐng))某人做某事 call up給…打電話; 想起,回憶起; 召集,應(yīng)召入伍 call out大喊,高叫; 叫出去
3. come come down下跌,落,降,傳下來 come in進(jìn)來 come out出版,結(jié)果是 come on來臨/ 快點(diǎn) come along一道來,趕快 come over走過來 come up發(fā)芽,走近 come back回來 come from來自,源自
4. cut cut down砍倒,削減 cut up連根拔除,切碎
5. die die of死于(疾病,饑餓,寒冷,情感原因) die from死于(外界原因) die out絕種
6. fall fall behind落后 fall down掉下,跌倒 fall into 落入;陷入 fall off 從。。。掉下 fall out與。。。爭(zhēng)吵
7. go go along沿著。。。。走 go through通過,經(jīng)受 go over復(fù)習(xí),檢查 go up(價(jià)格)上漲,建造起來 go against違反 go away離開 go by時(shí)間過去 go down降低,(日、月)西沉 go on(with)繼續(xù)進(jìn)行 go out外出,熄滅 go off發(fā)出響聲
8. get get down下來,記下,使沮喪 get on進(jìn)展,進(jìn)步,穿上,上車 get off脫下,下車 get away逃跑,逃脫,去休假 get over克服,從疾病中恢復(fù) get along with進(jìn)展,相處 get up起床 get into (trouble) 陷入困境中 get back取回,收回 get out 出去 get to 到達(dá)。。。
9. give give away贈(zèng)送,泄露,出賣 give out發(fā)出,疲勞,分發(fā), give in (to sb.) 屈服 give up放棄,讓(座位)
10. hand hand in交上,提交 hand out分發(fā)
11.hold hold on to…繼續(xù),堅(jiān)持 hold up舉起,使停頓 hold on別掛電話,等,堅(jiān)持
12. keep keep up with跟上 keep out 不使。。。進(jìn)入 keep from克制,阻止 keep away from避開,不接近, keep on繼續(xù),堅(jiān)持下來 keep down 使。。。處于低水平
13.knock knock at/on敲 knock into撞到某人身上
14. look look up查找,向上看 look through翻閱,瀏覽 look after/ at / for 照顧/看/尋找 look out(for)當(dāng)心 look about / around/round四下查看 look forward to盼望
19. put put up張貼,舉起, put out伸出,撲滅 put off推遲 put into放進(jìn),翻譯 put away放好,存錢 put down記下,平息 put on穿戴,上映, put aside放到一邊 put back放回
20. stand stand out 突顯,引人注目 stand up 起立,站起來 38.其它常用詞組 wake up 醒,喚醒,弄醒 stay up 不睡覺;熬夜 depend on依靠;取決于 worry about為。。。擔(dān)憂 laugh at嘲笑。。。 begin with以。。。開始 mix up混合、攙和 major in 主修 grow up成長(zhǎng) open up 打開,張開;開發(fā) end up到達(dá)或來到某處; 達(dá)到某狀態(tài) throw away 丟棄。。。 ask for要求。。。 wait for等待。。。 agree with同意。。。 find out(經(jīng)研究或詢問)獲知某事 send out 發(fā)出,放出,射出 search for 搜索,搜查 chop down 砍到 have.. on 穿著。。。 step out of 跨步走出 drop out of 從。。。掉出 happen to 發(fā)生在。。。 belong to屬于 arrive in /at到達(dá)。。。 try on試穿。。。 vote on對(duì)。。。進(jìn)行投票 strech out伸展。。。 hang out閑逛 leave for離開前往 sell out 賣完、售完 show up 出席;露面
21. run run after追逐,追捕 run away逃跑 run off跑掉,迅速離開 run out of用完
22. set set up建立 set off 激起,引起
23. take take after 與…相像 take off脫掉,起飛 take away拿走 take up從事,占用(時(shí)間空間) take down記錄,取下 take back收回 take pride in以… ……為自豪, take the place of 代替
并列連詞連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上地位平等的字、詞組或分句。例如: (1) Air and water are indispensable to me. (2) She likes going out with friends or playing outdoor games. (3) Most workers have a good income, so they look very happy.
從屬連詞連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的分句,形成復(fù)雜句中的從屬分句。例如: (4) He said that he did not want to go . (5) Many things have happened since I last saw him. (6) You may come if you want to.
從屬連詞用來連接各種從句。 until(till)直到,在用until表達(dá)時(shí)間狀語的句子中,主句中的動(dòng)詞是要十分小心去選擇的。 如動(dòng)詞是持續(xù)行動(dòng)詞,它要用肯定句,如: I studied hard until 12 o'clock last night. 如果動(dòng)詞是瞬間截止性動(dòng)詞,則要用否定句,如: He didn't go to bed until his mother came back. 由since,for,by,before, 來引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。 since 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語是動(dòng)作的開始時(shí)間,如: I have studied English since 1990. 而by引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語通常是動(dòng)作的結(jié)束時(shí)間,如: I had learned 25 English songs by the end of last term.
從屬連詞語法分類:
種類
語法作用
連詞舉例
從屬連詞
引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句
Because, since
引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句
If, unless, as long as
引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句
So that
引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句
So…that
引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句
As, just as, as if
引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句
Though, although, even though, no matter what, however, no matter how, whoever, no matter who, wherever, no matter where
引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句
As…as, not so…as, than, less…than, the more…the more
定語從句的分類: 根據(jù)定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系,定語從句可分為限制性定語從句及非限制性定語從句。 限制性定語從句緊跟先行詞,主句與從句不用逗號(hào)分開,從句不可省去; 非限制性定語從句主句與從句之間有逗號(hào)分開,起補(bǔ)充說明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。 1.由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句 一般情況下that可指人或物,可以代替who,whom和which,在從句中作主語或謂語動(dòng)詞的賓語,但不能作介詞的賓語。如: The comrade that(who)is speaking at the meeting is an advanced worker. 正在會(huì)上講話的那個(gè)同志是個(gè)先進(jìn)工人。 Is this the doctor that(whom)you talked about yesterday? 這就是你們昨天談?wù)摰哪俏会t(yī)生嗎? The letter that(which)I received yesterday was from my father. 昨天我收到的信是我父親寄來的。 2.由who,whom和whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句 who在從句中作主語,whom在從句中作賓語,whose在從句中作定語。如: This is the thief who stole my bike.這就是偷我自行車的那個(gè)賊。 He is the boy whom you wanted to find.他就是你想要找的那個(gè)男孩。 The girl whose mother is a doctor is waiting for you outside.媽媽是個(gè)醫(yī)生的那個(gè)女孩在外面等你。 3.由which引導(dǎo)的定語從句 which指物,在從句中作主語或謂語動(dòng)詞的賓語。如: The book which Mum bought me last week is called“Red Star Over China”. 媽媽上周買給我的那本書名叫《西行漫記》。 The house which Lu Xun once lived in is now the Lu Xun Museum. 魯迅曾經(jīng)住過的那所房子現(xiàn)在是魯迅博物館。 4.由where,when和why引導(dǎo)的定語從句 where在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語,when在從句中作時(shí)間狀語,why在從句中作原因狀語。如: I will never forget the day when I joined the League.我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我入團(tuán)的那一天。 He will go back to the school where he studied next week.下周他要回到他曾經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)過的學(xué)校。 I don't know the reason why he quarreled with Zhang Lin.我不知道他同張琳吵架的原因。 [注意點(diǎn)] 關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作賓語時(shí),關(guān)系代詞常省去。如: The play(which)I watched just now had been on twice on Channel 我剛才看的那個(gè)戲劇在3頻道上已上演了兩次。
限定性定語從句: 1. that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物; 它們?cè)趶木渲凶髦髡Z或賓語,that在從句中作賓語時(shí)?墒÷躁P(guān)系詞,which在從句中作賓語則不能省略。 而且,如果which在從句中作“不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞”的介詞的賓語,注意介詞不要丟掉,而且介詞總是放在關(guān)系代詞which的前邊,但有的則放在它原來的位置 2. which作賓語時(shí),根據(jù)先行詞與定語從句之間的語義關(guān)系,先行詞與which之間的介詞不能丟 3. 代表物時(shí)多用which,但在帶有下列詞的句子中用that而不用which,這些詞包括all, anything, much等,這時(shí)的that常被省略 4. who和whom引導(dǎo)的從句用來修飾人,分別作從句中的主語和賓語,whom作賓語時(shí),要注意它可以作動(dòng)詞的賓語也可以作介詞的賓語 5. where是關(guān)系副詞,用來表示地點(diǎn)的定語從句 6. when引導(dǎo)定語從句表示時(shí)間 〔注〕值得一提的是,表示時(shí)間“time"一詞的定語從句只用when引導(dǎo),有時(shí)不用任何關(guān)系代詞,當(dāng)然也不用that引導(dǎo) By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc. 7. whose是關(guān)系代詞,修飾名詞作定語,相當(dāng)于所修飾成分的前置所有格 8. 當(dāng)從句的邏輯主語是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing時(shí),常用there is來引導(dǎo)
非限定性定語從句 非限定性定語從句的作用是對(duì)所修飾的成分作進(jìn)一步說明,通常和主句間用逗號(hào)隔開,將從句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 1. which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句來說明前面整個(gè)句子的情況或主句的某一部分 2. 在引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句時(shí),that有時(shí)相當(dāng)于in which, at which, for which或at which Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人們對(duì)白日做夢(mèng)的態(tài)度正在改變,這與人們對(duì)夜間做夢(mèng)的看法的變化有非常相似之處。 I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某種原因喜歡這種音樂,而他恰恰與我相反。 We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 剛好我們到的那天他們走了。 3. 有時(shí)as也可用作關(guān)系代詞 4. 在非限定性定語從句中,不能用that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物
關(guān)系代詞的用法: 1. 關(guān)系代詞的句法功能 (1)關(guān)系代詞在句中作主語 例如:I prefer music that/which has great lyrics (2) 關(guān)系代詞在句中作賓語 例如:I like music that I can sing along with. (3)關(guān)系代詞在句中作表語 例如:The house is not the one (that) it used to be. 2. 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作名詞的定語 例如:Is she the teacher whose hair is very short? 3. 關(guān)系代詞的用法 (1)who和whom的用法:二者都用于指人。Who在定語從句中作主語、賓語, whom 在定語從句中作賓語。Whom在從句中能坐介詞的賓語,而who則不能。 例如: I happened to meet the professor (who/whom) I got to know at a party in the shopping center yesterday. (2)whose的用法:一般指人,有時(shí)也指物。在定語從句中作定語。 例如:I have got a friend whose brother is training for the Olymoics. (3)which的用法:一般指物,在定語從句中作主語、賓語、偶爾作定語。 例如:The photo which we liked best was taken by Zhao Min. (4)that的用法:指人或物,指人時(shí)可與who、whom互換,指物時(shí)可與that互換。 在從句中可作主語、賓語,還可作表語。 例如:It is a book (that/which) no one really likes. 4. 宜用who不宜用that的情況 (1)先行詞是指人的不定代詞時(shí) 例如:Congratulations to our winners and thanks to everyone who entered the competitions. (2) 先行詞指人時(shí)且含有較長(zhǎng)的后置定語 例如:The boy was crying hard who lost his way while looking for his mother. 5. 在以下情況中,關(guān)系代詞常用that (1)先行詞為all, little, few, none 及some-, any-, no-與thing所組成的復(fù)合單詞時(shí),只能用that。 例如:There is nothing that will stop us making progress. (2)先行詞前有only, some, any等形容詞修飾時(shí),只能用that。 例如:This is the only problem that we can’t work out. (3)先行詞前由形容詞的最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí),只能用that。 例如:This is the most interesting book that I have ever read. (4)先行詞同時(shí)包括人和物時(shí),只能用他和她, 例如:Lu Xun and his works that we are familiar with are considered great. 6. 只能用which不能用that的情形 (1)當(dāng)非限制性定語從句中的先行詞指物時(shí),只能用which 例如:The pencil-case, which I bought last week, is missing. (2)關(guān)系代詞前面有介詞時(shí),只能用which 例如:The tree under which we used to take a rest has been cut down. (3)先行詞本身就是that時(shí) 例如:I don’t like that which he did.
關(guān)系副詞的用法 1. when的用法:它的先行詞通常是time, day, morning等。有時(shí)也可和一些介詞一起引導(dǎo)定語從句。 例如:Do you remember the time when she went abroad? 2. where的用法:它的先行詞通常有place, spot, room等。 例如:I like places where the weather is always warm. 3. why的用法:它的先行詞只有reason。Why時(shí)常也可以省略。 例如:Tell me the reason why she was late.